Meeting Conflicts and Interventions

Meeting Conflict and Intervention We spend a lot of our working lives in meetings; some are fruitful and some, less so. Meetings are often called to discuss a project or an idea so it is almost inevitable that conflict will arise; there is certainly a strong potential as it is unlikely that everyone will be in agreement. Let us first define what is conflict: Conflict refers to some form of friction, disagreement, or discord arising within a group when the beliefs or actions of one of more members of the group are either resisted by or unacceptable to one or more members of another group.Conflicts in meetings. Many of us have experienced tension and conflict in meetings. This can be exciting, energizing and helpful, but it can also hurt the team's progress, morale and be very disruptive. Remember, conflicts are disagreements. If the person who is disagreeing with you is raising valid questions, it may benefit the group to address the issues they are presenting. In fact, by listening t o them, you may gain valuable insight into what is and what is not working within your organization.However, if the person continues past the point of disagreement to the point of disruptiveness, specific steps should be taken. If you're in charge of a meeting and onflict occurs, what is your role? How do you restore peace? How can you assure that these conflicts dont harm your work? While you can't always prevent conflict in meetings, there are things you can do to deal with disagreements from damaging your team's wider goals. Dealing with Conflict. Conflict resolution is a way to diplomatically settle disputes by finding the root of an issue and creating a solution that all parties can agree upon.This can be a complicated process, especially if the conflict is personal (three main areas where conflicts occur: in interpersonal one-on-one relationships; in meetings; nd in negotiations), however it is important to recognize and address issues that arise. Identifying and Mitigating Co nflict. When conflict arises the first step is to identify the cause and ensure that it does not adversely disrupt other scheduled activities. Below is guidelines to help your meetings stay on track when conflict occurs. . Allow the opposing party to state their issue – Find some â€Å"grain of truth† in the other person's position that you can build upon. 2. Identify the problem to the best of your ability – Identify areas of agreement in the two positions. 3. Check with veryone in attendance for opinions/suggestions – See if someone else in the meeting has a response or recommendation. 4. Present any ideas or comments you may have, but do not make demands – Present your view, but do not force agreement.At this point it is possible that the conflict has been quickly resolved and the meeting can that progress is not being made it may be time to table (defer the subject to later in the meeting to handle) the discussion or schedule a special meeting to discuss the conflict. When tabling an issue until the next meeting remember to; a. Ensure the meeting minutes include all arguments b. Make resolving the conflict the first topic for the next meeting c. Avoid tabling an issue if you feel it will be tabled at the next meeting When scheduling a special meeting: i.Hold the meeting at a neutral location/ground, such as a conference/war room. it. Plan multiple meetings for more complicated issues iii. Keep regular business and conflict resolution separate And to conclude, always remember that the goal is to reach a compromise that all parties can live with. Online References: www. cs. ucla. edu/†klinger/articles/conflicts. html some portion are adapted from The University of Michigan Managing Conflict online handout

Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis: a Miracle or a Curse?

Have you ever wondered what life would be like without physical pain? Would life be more peaceful? Would we be more aggressive or would we possibly be incapable of enjoying the pleasures of life? We may think we are better off without pain but â€Å"Pain is simply our intrinsic medical adviser to warn us and stimulate us† (H. G. Wells, The Island of Dr. Moreau). Some people have been able to experience this anomaly, the ability to be incapable of experiencing any physical pain. These people are proven examples that pain is in fact necessary. Without pain one an never truly discover their body’s physical limits and may against their knowledge inflict a great deal of pain upon themselves. People with the inability to feel pain have the disease called Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis (CIPA). CIPA is categorized as a Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathic disease. Congenital Insensitivity to pain is the inability to feel uneasy sensations pertaining to an individual from birth. Anhidrosis is the inability to sweat thus causing the incapability to regulate body temperature. HSAN type IV is a genetic disorder caused by multiple DNA mutations. These mutations occur on the neuropathic tyrosine kinase receptor types one (ntrk1 gene). In normal people the NGR (neuropathic gene receptor) stimulates the growth support and the survival of the autonomic sympathetic neurons as well as nociceptive sensory neurons, which transmit pain sensations to the spinal cord and the brain. Mutations occur in portions of the gene that encode the intracellular and extracellular domain of the protein, which may affect the variability in presentation. Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathic (HSAN) type IV causes Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis. HSAN IV is the second most common type of HSAN. CIPA symptoms normally manifest at an early age, but can be difficult to diagnose. Infants with CIPA rarely cry from normal ailments, such as not crying when hungry as they cannot sense hunger and they can sleep soundly throughout the night as they cannot sense their needs that need to be met. Parents believe it to be a blessing that their child doesn’t cry until other onset symptoms occur. These symptoms include unexplained fevers, self-mutilation, and developmental delay. When teething children often chew on anything they can, but since children with CIPA don’t realise the pain of biting themselves, teething becomes dangerous. Many CIPA children begin to bite off their own tongue and fingers when teething; often ripping out their own teeth as well. Around this time, parents begin to realise that these symptoms are not normal for children. People with CIPA can’t live a normal life because of the many unfortunate ailments caused by the disease. Hyperactivity is a common characteristic of children with CIPA, as is eing unable to differentiate between temperatures. Many children die early because it is very easy for them to overheat as they cannot regulate their own body temperature. The lack of sweating causes the skin to become thick and susceptible to skin infections and cellulitis. Their bones deteriorate over a shorter period of time than normal bones. Their joints are overused usually confining patients to a wheelchair (wheelchair boun d). An infinite number of patients develop appendicitis and die because they are unable to feel the pain that this would normally cause. It is impossible to determine the number of CIPA patients, as there is quite a discrepancy in the statistics. Unfortunately, there is no cure for CIPA, and they are very few treatment options. Since it is a rare disorder there hasn’t been a lot of research done on the topic. To regulate the body temperature, some individuals with CIPA have to wear a special cooling vest designed by NASA, and must have a controlled thermostat. These individuals, like 11 year old Kayla Woodhouse, need to have a cooler filled with ice pack re-fills for her vest, and fluids to keep her hydrated. Other patients with CIPA wear goggles to protect their cornea, which would otherwise become damaged from their habit to scratch themselves. Gabby Gingras is one of the well known CIPA patients who wears goggles to prevent further damage. Gabby also had to have her teeth removed by the age of two to prevent further irreparable damage to her fingers. People with CIPA need constant supervision to avoid future injuries. Life without pain is more difficult than at first glance; it wouldn’t be as wonderful as we would assume. Upon further investigation of CIPA, although it may seem like a wonderful thing t is an extremely dangerous disorder that most often results in premature death. Until we find a cure, people who have CIPA are forced to painlessly suffer. Imagine if humans could suddenly no longer feel physical pain: Pharmaceutical companies, doctors, and manufacturing companies would cry all the way to their banks. Bibliography Axelrod, F. B. , von Simson, G. G. , Oddoux, C. (20 08, August 5). Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathy IV. GeneReviews. Retrieved November 15, 2008, from, http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/bookshelf/br. fcgi? book=gene&part=hsan4. Brown, A. (2006, May 20). It’s not so easy being a superhero. The Gazette. Retrieved December 1, 2008, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qn4191/is_20060520/ai_n16434313. Lambert, K. (n. d). How CIPA Works. How Stuff Works. Retrieved November 12, 2008, from http://health. howstuffworks. com/cipa. htm/printable. Lee, B. (2008, November 17). Health Talk: Congenital insensitivity to pain. The Tartan. Retrieved December 2, 2008, from http://www. thetartan. org/2008/11/17/scitech/healthtalk. Wells, H. G. (1988). The Island of Dr. Moreau. New York: Signet Classic.

Pastor as Person †A Review Essay

As the title itself suggests, the whole thrust is on the personhood of the pastor. At the start (Chapter Two), stress is given to highlight the need for new approach in ministry. Although it was not directly stated, the idea was pointed out when Tom, a pastor, received a letter from his alma mater concerning the seminary’s plan to include into its curriculum a subject called The Person in Ministry. As the conversation of the characters progressed, and at the same time their personalities somewhat introduced briefly in chapter one, the theme of the entire book becomes more in focus. Indeed, as Gary L. Harbaugh was trying to highlight from the very outset, even the person behind the pulpit Sunday after Sunday is a real person with the characteristics of a normal human being with almost the same things to cope in life, if not exactly identical. The way the five pastors were presented – Tom Daniels, Joan Russel, Paul Denning, Chris Campbell, and John Jeffrich – in the first chapter seems to stress the fact of the human side of ministers in general. Although the tone of the author, all along, was to paint an honest appraisal of the pastor, and at the same time with the intention of helping his readers realize the impossibility for those among the ordained clergy to perform their lifetime duties effectively without comprehending their frame as human beings, more often than not, the overall expectation from the ministers is very unrealistic. And so, Harbaugh, in this book, incorporated all necessary studies/sciences which for him might yield a more comprehensive and more accurate portrayal of the minister as human specie. Through the lenses of philosophy, theology, psychology, and anthropology, the pastor was presented – not as someone who is above the rest, but someone who is very much like those considered rank and file (Harbaugh, 1985). At the last paragraph of the book, Dr. Harbaugh expressed his hope that upon reading, the reader (presumably, a minister) is â€Å"affirmed† and now having gained valuable insights into his/her personhood, with fresh outlook, the remaining years of ministry will not be anymore burdensome but promising instead. In Chapter Two, Harbaugh highlights the reality that the pastor is not only a spiritual person but physical as well. He experiences stress and at times may be subjected to bouts of â€Å"burnout. † King Hezekiah of the Old Testament was mentioned as an object lesson of a person dealing with stress. The author pointed out that there are correct responses to stressors and pressures, although unfortunately, pastors usually opted for what Dr. Harbaugh called as the pastor’s â€Å"common reactions† to stress. To really experience growth in life and in faith, one has to face his/her responsibilities and do everything within his/her ability to do, and at the same time, one has to accept his limitations that he/she cannot possibly do everything even while doing and employing the best possible means within his/her ability. As Dr. Harbaugh said, using the well familiar hymn, â€Å"Christ is the solid rock on which† ultimately, our â€Å"holistic response to stress can stand. † Moreover, the pastor also is an intellectual being. He thinks. This is the emphasis of the third chapter. While it is true that there are similarities, or things common among those in the clergy, Harbaugh maintains the individuality of the pastor (Harbaugh, 1985). This means that each pastor is different and hence must be dealt with individually. A right balance must be maintained between the pastor’s vocation and his personal/family life. Dr. Harbaugh, in Chapter Four, introduced Ptr. John Jeffrich. Through Jeffrich’s personality, Harbaugh presented a pastor just like anybody else reacting and full of emotions. Indeed, one cannot empathize with others without having gone through the same griefs which other people have gone through. â€Å"Weakness is strength† (Harbaugh, 1985). The remaining chapters – 5 and 6 – are expansions, further explorations of previous chapters. How the pastor should deal with different issues as he/she relates to other people. In summary, the pastor should learn to accept everything that he/she is – with strengths and weaknesses. As a pastor, he/she is chosen by God for the people of God.

Myan Indians Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Myan Indians - Essay Example Mayan Indians were well developed and highly skilled in the artistic jobs such as pottery, carvings, drawings and ceramics. Some carvings, sculptures, stucco reliefs and murals are found from the ruins of the Mayan civilization that represent the art of the Mayan civilization (Coe 65). The artistic pieces found are indicative of the artistic skills of the Mayan Indians. The human figures carved on stones and colors used for depicting the civilization and culture of people look so beautiful and refined that the development of arts at that time appears much better than ours. Mayan Indians also attached their names with their created artistic pieces in order to inform the viewers about their art and talent (Demarest 43). Mayan architecture is also very famous like its art. The towering pyramids with steps are regarded as the most influential architecture of Mayan civilization (Sharer and Traxler 42). Caves with carvings are also a distinctive feature of the Mayan Indians. The caves such as Jolja cave, Cave of the Witch, Candelaria caves and many others are famous for their architecture and designs (Demarest 49). Plazas, palaces, ball courts, observatories and temples are found in their architectural designed buildings. Roads were also present attaching cities together. The buildings also went through several amendments as with changing rulers, the designs also got amended according to new instructions. The architecture as a whole can be considered as reminiscent of a great civilization (Coe 78). The buildings and constructions made by the Mayan Indians are depictive of their skill at architecture and design. The Mayan civilization was quite developed as they had their own writing system. They used to write with animal hair brushes and their writing was black in color with red highlighting (Demarest 59). In the writing system, the Mayan Indians usually used phonetic symbols and glyphs in order to

Something related to women experiencing psychosomatic issues, must be Essay

Something related to women experiencing psychosomatic issues, must be focued on women - Essay Example First, common psychological disorders are more common among women. Most women suffer from some disorder, like anxiety or depression. Second, women are more likely to experience the trauma caused by past and present abuse. This leads to a greater incidence of somatic symptoms. Third, there is significant difference in the emotional threshold of men and women. Furthermore, childhood socialization has a substantial effect on the attitude adopted, while reporting sensations. There is a well felt need to conduct further research in this area, in order to assess reporting patterns (Barsky, Peekna, & Borus, 2001). As such, the gender differential in reporting symptoms has to be dealt with by exploring its root causes. A causal relationship between gynecological symptoms and psychological disorders in women was perceived to exist by some gynecologists and psychologists. One gynecologist states that many females exhibited gynecological symptoms, in the absence of any gynecological illness. This phenomenon could be described as a psychological disorder masquerading as a gynecological issue (Gath, et al., 1987, p. 213). In a few studies, gynecological patients were evaluated on the basis of their self-assessment. These studies suggested that nearly 50 % of these women were suffering from psychiatric illness. This is a seemingly very high incidence of psychological disorders. However, these studies do not take into consideration, women who attend other types of medical clinics (Gath, et al., 1987, p. 213). Despite this argument, there is considerable evidence that gynecological morbidity is high in women with psychological disorders. In addition, it was observed that women who had undergone gynecological surgery were more frequently diagnosed with hysteria. Moreover, many women with neurotic disorders had complained of irregular menstrual periods.It has frequently been

Innovative Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Innovative Behavior - Essay Example There will however be a gap between organizations intention or desire to be innovative and their actual behavior in being so. There may be difference in the extent and content of innovative behavior. This will be true of organizations big or small, but the question arises whether size of an organization has a correlation with innovative behavior of organizations. What are the circumstances in which forms of different sizes may differ in their innovative behaviour This paper attempts to answer these questions. The word innovation means a combination of two activities in an organisation, the process of generation of ideas through a creative process and the manner in which the successful commercialization of a selected idea as a successful product or service. In case of a process innovation it will mean the offering of a differentiated product in the market through successful use of the new innovative process innovation. Innovations are generally of two types, the radical innovation and incremental innovation, which basically are used to denote the degree of novelty. Schumpeter describes two types of innovations that occur in a capital economy. One is in which the major source of innovation is in small industries which are operating in a highly competitive market. The innovative behavior is driven by the visionary entrepreneur. ... klik (2003, p 3) suggests that both are likely to occur in the economy at the same time in different industries, depending on the level of maturity of the industry. In an industry that is new, innovation driven by entrepreneurs in small firms will be more predominant. Later as the industry matures the innovation behavior of large firms will be predominant. Trott ( 2002, p 18) describes 5 different types of innovation models to explain how innovation in firms occur. Broadly they are classified as linear and interactive models. In the linear model typically innovation is technology lead. Innovation occurs because of new opportunities thrown up by new technologies (technology pull). The second occurs based on the demands from the market. (market pull). The third described is one where innovation occurs because of both, a market pull and technology pull. The fourth recognizes the importance of linkages between technology, market, and customer needs. The final model described, the network model, is the one which fully takes into account the complete eco system under which innovation occurs. It takes into account external inputs like new technology development, competitors, research from academic institutions and research organizations, supply chain partners and customers, as well as the internal organizational functions and their behavior. These are the main factors to be considered if innovation is to be successfully managed. Interactions of functions within organization like marketing, R&D and finance, is important, but interaction of these functions and organizations with external environment is also important. At the management level company may be discussing strategic alliance with another company for developing innovative products; marketing will have to be

Ophthalamic Disorders Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ophthalamic Disorders Case Study - Essay Example Mr. Ally is suffering from an eye stoke which is a disorder of the optic nerve. An eye stroke is also referred to as (AION) Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (Kumar, 2008). The eye is surrounded by numerous tissues, veins and blood vessels that have a duty to aid in the circulation of blood from one eye point to the next. In the event that the flow of blood to the optic nerve is tampered with, the eye suffers from a stroke. This is an urgent attack that is not easily noticed and develops into a fully blown condition in no time. This is because the optic nerve suffers from lack of oxygen and blood. This indicates that the blood flow to the eye is reduced or blocked totally chocking out the supply to the optic nerve. This seriously hampers the overall performance of the nerve (Hattenhauer, 1997).Once the optic nerve encounters the chocked or reduced blood supply, it swells. The swelling is terribly hard to notice if tests are not conducted as the swelling does not become a noticed phe nomena immediately. The optic nerve does not receive blood in the correct amount and the correct pressures. This affects the normal capacity of the eye thus resulting in shadows and floaters when viewing. After a while, the eye is significantly affected and suffers from total vision loss (Kumar, 2008).The doctor can introduce Mr. Ally to Corticosteroids which will have the task of enhancing blood circulation in the optic nerve. They will also ensure that the swelling experienced reduces with time.

Human resources case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resources - Case Study Example 115). Joan has her hands full in this scenario because she suspects that Fred is sabotaging work to make Joan look bad. As the director Joan should immediately confront Fred about his improper behavior. If Fred denies the wrongdoing then Joan should document the meeting and take the matter her superiors in order to discuss a possible termination of Fred’s contract because Fred has become a liability for the company and an employee who is not trustworthy. Sometimes people claim that they are racial discriminated at work. Discrimination is a serious offence that is not acceptable in the workplace. In this case study a woman, Ruth Wittman, claims she was fired due to racial discrimination. The employer of the woman claims that the woman was fired due to a horrible record of absenteeism and tardiness. The bank must show the EEOC all the evidence of all the times Ruth was absent and late during her two years at the company. Due to the fact that the bank claims Ruth had the worse track record of absenteeism and tardiness the bank must proof with written documentation that this claim is true. If I was the EEOC director my decision would be to disregard the claim made by Ruth. First of all the evidence shows she was late and absent more than any other employees. It is common for people that do not show up to work or show up to work late to be fired. The claim that she was given more workload than others is potentially false since the compan y gives work out randomly. If the firm has a no talking with other workers policy the employees should abide by the rules. Jack Otto is the supervisor of a store fixture manufacturing company. He is a dedicated employee, but he is facing a tough challenge with one of his welders, Bob Hill. Bob has always had a bit of absenteeism problem and is often late to work. Lately his tardiness has gotten

EHarmony Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EHarmony Case Study - Essay Example The advent of new technologies has facilitated this change in social media and has made it a common activity. By 2005, the number of subscribers and user of social media and internet personals websites had increased with eHarmony recording over 15 million subscribers. This growth was attributed to a change in online dating perception. Currently, the social media industry has become extremely competitive and lucrative with companies employing different strategies to capture the market and increase customer base. Organizations have realized that apprehending the competitive forces and their fundamental roots discloses the causes of the industry’s present productivity (Porter, 2008). By the time online dating was gaining popularity, there had been few internet personals websites. For this reason, there was less competition in the industry. In the contemporary, competitive business environment, publicity is a significant facet of any organization. This therefore poses a great thre at to the existing business as more and more new entries are aiming the market in order to gain a share of the profits. This is therefore threatening the dominance of companies such as eHarmony an aspect that might affect even the overall returns of the company. The marketing strategy in the social media industry determines the profit potentiality of the company. For instance, Piskorski et al (2008) asserts that eHarmony centered on creating publicity through the owners who appeared in TV and radio programs including home news programs. The company focused on selling its unique features which yielded increased number of subscribers. According to Walker et al (2005), this is a competitive advantage that the company used to acquire a greater market share. In addition, eHarmony heightened its advertising campaigns in the radios and TV to capture wide audience. The contemporary social media have been characterized by fraudsters who have made people lose hope in finding serious mates in the internet personals websites. Arguably, social media sites have tried to employ a personality profile based on many questions, which discourage the not serious users from joining the site (Alex, 2010). For instance, eHarmony personality profile contains 258 questions, which portray seriousness of the subscriber. One of the major threats that online dating poses is erosion of culture. Initially, people had the chance to select his/her mate physically. This gave the person a chance to analyze the mate’s behavior and attitudes. With the current technology, this aspect has eroded. In addition young people will be exposed to early relationships an aspect that could expose them to early sex and marriages. This market therefore will lead to increased divorces and abusive marriages due to poor decision making before choosing the partner (Alex, 2010).. Increase of companies such as eHarmony would therefore reduce the time that was previously used to know your partner which is a thr eat to the new families. The company faces a great threat from ghost companies which retrieve money from the customers only to for the client to realize that the site has very few members. This mistrust by people creates a great threat to expansion of the company an aspect that hinders it to reach global standards. Another major threat that if facing companies such as eHarmony is lack of adequate resources to keep up with the increasing technological competition which makes communication easier. This

Coursework Rates of reaction Essay Example for Free

Coursework Rates of reaction Essay Investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction Skill(s) assessed: Topic C10 [Experiment 9 (in S4)] Investigating the factors affecting the rate of reaction IGCSE Coursework Skills C2, C3, C4 Some of the factors affecting the rate of a reaction that you have studied are:   Temperature   Concentration   Surface area Aim: Investigating the effect of changing the concentration on the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, by collecting the carbon dioxide gas given off. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) Hypothesis: My hypothesis is that as we increase the concentration of the HCl, the rate of the reaction will be faster; this is because more collisions will be present Materials: Small calcium carbonate chips Dilute hydrochloric acid (1 moldm-3) Distilled water Delivery tube Bowl Conical flask (100ml) Beaker Measuring cylinder (100 cm3) Stop watch Balance Clamp Clamp holder Safety Glasses. Method: 1. Collect all materials 2. Fill the bowl and the 100 cm3 cylinder with water 3. Holding the end so that the water doesnt go out, turn the cylinder upside down and place it down the bowl, keeping it still with the clamp, put the delivery tube at the hole of the cylinder 4. Weight 3g of small size calcium carbonate chips 5. Put on your safety glasses 6. Add the 3g of small carbonate chips into the conical flask 7. Add the HCl acid in the conical flask 8. Quickly afterwards put a cork so that you shut all air entries in the conical flask 9. At the same time as you place the cork, start timing how much it takes to get 50cm3 of gas 10. Repeat this experiment using different concentrations of HCl acid by diluting the acid with distilled water, to make it a fair test use always the same amount of chips and always reach 25cm3 in the measuring cylinder so that only concentration and not amount will affect the rate of reaction. 11. Record your results in a neat and tidy table Results: Table: Volume of 1. 0 mol dm^-3 HCl (cm^3) Volume of H2O (cm^3) Concentration of HCl (mol dm^-3) Time (s) to reach 50ml Time to reach 100ml   Graph: Anomalous Results: In this experiment we were lucky to find no anomalous results at all, everything went on as we planned it was going to go like. Conclusion: As you can see in the graph, our hypothesis was right, as we increased the concentration of the HCl acid in out experiment, more collision were happening and therefore the time for it to reach 50ml was becoming smaller and smaller, meaning that the reaction was becoming faster. So we end up with the conclusion; more concentration of acid = faster rate of reactions = more collision. We could also see in the trend/pattern that at first, when we started increasing by only 0. 2 in concentration, the time for it to reach 50ml decreased from 38 to 17 seconds, almost half of what it was before!. After a while, as we increased the concentration, the difference between the two concentrations began to get smaller and smaller, it first started at decreasing from 38s to 17s, then from 17s to 9s, 9s to 7s and from 7 to five seconds. At this last 2 differences, at the change from 0. 6 to 0. 8, and 0. 8 to 1 in mol dm^-3 of concentration of HCl, the difference was in both only of 2s, showing off that if the acid was yet too concentrated, and almost getting to being fully concentrated, the difference in time to reach the 50ml will become smaller and smaller. Evaluation/Improvement: The experiment was carried out really well, there was no significant anomalous result which indicated that we were doing the right thing, the experiment fulfilled our hypothesis decision, it went on as we planned it would. We should have repeated the experiment, repeating the experiment would have given us much more accurate results, and we have used the same balance for each measuring of calcium carbonate, so that we make it a fair test.

Negative Effects of Cell Phones on Society

Negative Effects of Cell Phones on Society Abstract Cell phones have become an extremely common electronic gadget for many people who may prefer their use as opposed to the house phones which has since been overtaken in the industry. The growth in the utilization of the cell phones is based on their ability to become technologically advanced since most of them can take a send photos and videos and connect to the internet of web surfing. Undoubtedly, this is the main reason why so many students in the school will always have their heads down, their headphones on and their phones to their ears. Surprisingly, most children including the kindergarten kids have always since been cell phone owners if they can respond to the calls. There are endless showing things which can be done by these implements. Typically, the use of cell phones has helped many users to communicate over long distance through the communication network. Therefore, there are multiple benefits of the use of mobile phones both for school going children and in promoting eff icient business operations that will ensure the productivity and sustainability of many businesses. There is need to determine the unfavorable the effects of the use of cell phones in our society. Introduction The usage of mobile phones can result in a significant threat to the health of the users. Many concerns have been raised on the cell phone radiation that causes other severe health hazards in the human beings. Categorically, the use of mobile phones facilitates the emission of low levels of radiofrequency energy (RF) that has an adverse biological impact to the health of human beings. Besides, the low levels of the radiofrequency energy the mobile phones emit while in use are in the microwave frequency variety. Moreover, they also emit the radio frequency energy at a substantially minimized time intervals when in the mode of standby. Similarly, the high degree of RF can produce significant health problems or effects through heating of tissues, exposure to low level of radiofrequency energy that ca not produce the heat impacts which can cause the unknown adverse health effects. Moreover, a significant level of electromagnetic energy, for instance, those found in the X-rays and the gam ma rays can ionize the biological tissues. Also, a substantial amount of the radio-frequency energy can increase the body temperature and influence the damage of the tissues (Cell Phones Health Issues). Other notable short term and long term effects of cell phones on health include the impacts on emotions as the presence of mobile phones can influence the relationship of the human being as they may develop negative feelings towards people having their devices visible. The levels of stress can also be increased with the greater use of the cell phones. For instance, the frequenting ringing, vibrating alerts and the constant reminders can put the user on a frustrating edge. Besides, the use of mobile phones can cause depression, stress and sleep disturbances on the adults. Similarly, there is increased risk of illness in the immune system with the constant use of the cell phones. The risks of chronic pain can also be influenced using cell phones. Therefore, there is no doubt that the use of mobile phones can significantly contribute to the adverse health of the users. The use of cell phones can also have great disadvantages to the school going students in their academic journey. Specifically, cheating using mobile phones has become a tremendous challenge in various educational institutions. For instance, using internet search engines, students can use the cell phones to get answers to the provided test questions. The students are reportedly distracted from their studies and other important events by the utilization of the mobile phones. Evidently, the students put much focus on attention in texting or talking with their peers or friends (Solway, 2010). Nonetheless, the use of cell phones can also hamper the real human interaction as people are usually glued to their phones while ignoring the regular interactions with the people around them. There is a possibility of a big problem in the future considering the much concentration placed on the phones as opposed to the usual socializing which is integral in the human social developments. Moreover, the use of cell phones has become instruments for constant interruptions in the business and social environment. For instance, the ringing of a phone during strategic meeting sessions may interrupt the smooth and regular business of the meeting (Solway, 2010). It is a naked fact that the use of mobile phones carries the privacy risks and the security breaches to the users. For instance, there are high chances of the private messages, financial information, photographs, the online networking accounts and other applications being leaked to a third party when ones phone is stolen, or one has mistakenly left it on office desks or the public sofa. One of the most pressing disadvantages of the frequent use of the mobile phones is the increased chances of getting into traffic accidents. Typically, the distractions from using the cell phones not only prevent people from productive interaction with others but also cost lives of both the user and nonuser in case the accident has occurred. For instance, the drivers have always been notorious for ignoring the traffic rules through engaging in texting, and checking the social media platforms hence cause loss of control of their which leads to accidents. Besides, texting or using the mobile phones by pedestrians have also proved to be the leading cause of many accidents which have resulted in losing of lives (Want, 2006). Sexting, sending the sexual messages or photos to another person is an issue all parents should consider before buying a cell phone for their kids. Particularly, the kids are prone to receive sexually explicit messages or information through the use of mobile phones. Besides, through the internet, children are likely to check the sites which are banned for the childrens view. Therefore, cell phones can significantly influence the childs social and psychological developments (Want, 2006). Evidently, cell phones are always expensive considering the regular upgrades of various gadgets and devices from the specific companies. Many mobile users will always want to upgrade to new devices as long as new updates are available in the market. This is because people are usually fascinated with the various types of cell phones such as the BlackBerry Bold and the Second-Generation iPhone. Conclusion Although there are multiple benefits of using cell phones in the various social environments, there is also the greater disadvantage of the utilization of the devices. The adverse effects of the use of mobile phones effects may be felt on the peoples health, the childrens development and education, socialization and interactions of individuals in the society among other significant influence on the business and social environment. References Cell Phones Health Issues. (n.d.). Retrieved, from https://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/RadiationEmittingProductsandProcedures/HomeBusinessandEntertainment/CellPhones/ucm116282.htm Solway, A. (2010). Communication: The impact of science and technology. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub. Want, R. (2006). RFID explained: A primer on radio frequency identification technologies. San Rafael, Calif.: Morgan Claypool.

Resource Sharing Platform for Collaborative Cloud Computing

Resource Sharing Platform for Collaborative Cloud Computing Harmonious resource sharing platform for collaborative cloud computing System Design SYSTEM DESIGN The system design is the architecture definition process, components, modules, interfaces and data to a system to meet the specified requirements. The system design could be considered the application of systems theory to product development . 4.1 Functional Design Utilitarian outline is utilized to streamline the configuration of equipment gadgets and programming useful configuration guarantees that every particular component of a gadget has an obligation and do this obligation with insignificant reactions somewhere else. The maps of useful configuration forms that make the state of necessity for how to outline details . Amid this phase of the undertaking structure characterized from an utilitarian perspective. 4.1.1 Modular Design The particular, or seclusion in configuration is a methodology that the framework is separated into littler parts (modules or cushions ) that can be autonomously made and afterward utilized as a part of distinctive frameworks for various highlights. A secluded framework can be described by the accompanying highlights: functional separation scalable and reusable individual modules consisting of solo, self contained functional elements. rigorous use well-defined modular interfaces, including object -oriented description of the functionality of the module. Easy to change to achieve transparency and technology to the extent possible, use industry standards for key interfaces 4.2 High Level Design 4.2.1 Data Flow Diagram An information stream chart (DFD) is a graphical representation of the information stream by method for a data framework. DFD can be additionally utilized for the information handling showcase (organized outline). In a DFD, information stream components from an outer information source or an inside information store to store interior or outside information sink information, through an inner procedure. A DFD does not give data on synchronization or administration procedure, or the procedure will work in grouping or in parallel. Subsequently, it is altogether different from a stream outline demonstrating the stream of control through a calculation that permits the peruser to figure out what operations will be attempted, in what request and under what circumstances, however this sort of information will be inputs and yields of the framework, or when the information go back and forth, or where the information is recorded (which are all shown in a DFD). DATA FLOW DIAGRAM Level 0 Figure 4.1: DFD level 0 Figure 4.1 DFD level 0 explains that the data owner has to register before login and using the help of cloud details he can choose the highly reputed cloud service provider. The data owner after registering has to login with his account and select total memory and threshold memory. Select a file from the data store of the data owner and upload it to the cloud server. There are four different cloud providers to which files are uploaded. The files are uploaded via trust manager in which he can check for blocked users and unblocked user and receive to and from data with cloud servers and data owner. Figure 4.2: DFD level 1 Figure 4.2 DFD level 1 consists of four major nodes. End user request for a file . The request enters to cloud server through trust manager. An attacker tries to modify the file which is present in cloud service provider. 4.2.2 Use-Case Diagram A case in programming building and the utilization of frameworks designing is a depiction of the conduct of a framework as it reacts to an appeal from outside of this framework. As it were, an utilization case portrays who can do what the framework being referred to. The system of utilization cases is utilized to catch the execution prerequisites of a framework itemizing the situation managed by useful necessities dialogs. Utilization cases depict the collaboration between one or more on-screen characters (a performing artist who is the initiator of the communication can be assigned as the main on-screen character [29]) and the framework itself, spoke to as a succession of basic steps. The On-screen characters are something or somebody existing outside the framework (black box) in the study, and included in a progression of exercises in a dialog with the framework to accomplish an objective. The performing artists may be end clients, different frameworks or gadgets equipment. Every utilization case is a progression of occasions, depicted from the viewpoint of the law. Figure 4.3: Use case diagram of client Figure 4.4 The above use case diagram shows different properties of service provider, trust manager, Data owner and End user. Data Owner uploads file in the cloud server through trust manager and performs various actions. End user requests the file through trust manager. Attacker tries to modify the file which is present in cloud server. 4.3 Low-level Design 4.3.1 System Flowchart Aflowchartis a type of diagram that represents analgorithm orprocess, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. This diagrammaticrepresentation [30] can give a step-by-step solution to a givenproblem. Process operations are represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent flow of control. FLOW CHART Figure 4.4: Flow chart Figure 4.6 Data owner checks the Reputation of the cloud and chooses the cloud according to that. At first he registers and later logins with his credentials. Buys memory and assigns threshold value to it. If the memory exceeds the threshold value it will intimate the Data Owner. Data owner uploads the file to cloud server through trust manager. files are stored in encripted format. Trust manager always check for MAC and secret key. If the MAC value changes ,it understands that files have been changed it intimates to the data owner. 4.3.2. Sequence Diagram A grouping outline in Brought together Displaying Dialect (UML) is a sort of association chart that shows how procedures work with each other and in what request. It is a develop of a Message Grouping Outline [31]. Grouping graphs are now and then called Occasion follow outlines, occasion situations, and timing charts. A succession graph is a correspondence chart that shows how procedures work with each other and in what request. It is a fabricate of a Message Grouping Diagram. A succession chart shows object associations orchestrated in time arrangement. It portrays the articles and classes included in the circumstances and the grouping of messages traded between the items alluring to do the usefulness of the situation. It demonstrates the relationship of articles taking into account a period succession and it indicates how the article connect with other question in a specific situation of the utilization case furthermore it demonstrates the grouping of back rubs that are traded, alongside their relating event details on the life lines. Grouping graphs are traditionally connected with utilization case acknowledge in the Sensible Perspective of the framework under change. Arrangement charts are once in a while called occasion graphs, occasion situations. A succession chart shows, as parallel vertical lines (life savers), distinctive procedures or items that live simultaneously, and, as level bolts, the messages traded between them, in the request in which they happen. This permits the determination of simple runtime situations in a graphical way. An arrangement chart shows, as parallel vertical lines (helps), diverse procedures or items that live at the same time, and, as even bolts, the messages traded between them, in the request in which they happen. This permits the particular of basic runtime situations in a graphical way [32]. SEQUENCE DIAGRAM Figure 4.5: Sequence diagram Figure 4.5 sequence diagram of the project explains how the data owner requests, accept and assigns the memory. It also tells how the end user requests the cloud server through trust manager. Trust manager maintains the list of blocked and unblocked user. 4.3.3 Class Diagram Class diagrams outlines demonstrate the classes of the framework, their between connections, and the operations and characteristics of the classes. It investigates space ideas as an area model [33] and dissects necessities as a calculated/investigation model. It portrays the definite configuration of article situated or item based programming. The class outline is the key building piece of article arranged demonstrating. It is utilized both for widespread theoretical demonstrating of the intelligent of the application, and for nitty gritty displaying make an interpretation of the models into programming code. Class graphs can likewise be utilized for information demonstrating. The classes in a class chart speak to both the fundamental articles, interchanges in the application and the classes to be modified. paintp Figure 4.6: Class diagram Figure 4.6 Class diagram of the collaboration architecture gives the details of the data owner, trust manager, end user, attacker, admin and cloud server. Data owner sees the reputation in which he can choose the best cloud which are suitable for him to upload files. The server which is having lowest reputation will be chosen Later Data owner registers with the cloud server giving all his detail and logins with his credentials .Data owner chooses the vm and assigns threshold value to it . If the file size is greater than the threshold value it will intimate the data owner to buy vm from another cloud provider. Trust manager is the intermediate between cloud server, data owner and End user. All the request which data owner make and end user make are through trust manager. It is the collaborative element of all the service provider. When data owner uploads the file to server it will be encrypted format. Trust manager maintains the MAC value and secret key of every file. End user in public cloud is not bothered about security. Here in this project automated password is generated by trustmanager.Secret key is entered by the end-user so that integrity of the data is maintained.

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers fc

Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on Sunday, February 12, 1809. His parents were Tom and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. When he was seven, he and his family moved to southern Indiana. His mother had died recently of a disease and his father eventually remarried. While growing up, his nature was that of someone who wanted to learn and read rather than help with the farm. Even at an early age he showed signs of being an intelligent person with insight into the world around him. Later on, he moved to New Salem, Illinois, where he lived until he was about 28 years old. He worked several odd jobs during his time here and even earned the famous nickname â€Å"Honest Abe† during his stay. Eventually he made a run for the Illinois legislature and lost the first time he tried. However, he won the next four times after that first one. At first, Lincoln was a member of the Whig party, but later changed to Republican. Another endeavor during his time there included studying in his spare time and he eventual ly became a certified lawyer. In Springfield, Illinois, he met his future wife, Mary Todd. They became fast friends and about three years later, they wed. During the next eleven years, they had four children, all boys. Sadly, all but one died before the age of 18. Lincoln himself had to go through the misery of burying two of them. He became a very successful attorney and grew to be very wealthy. It was in the year of 1846 that Lincoln decided to continue his political career and decided to run for the United States House of Representatives. To no one’s surprise, he won. He was widely known for his advocacy against slavery. Lincoln felt that slavery was a great evil within a great nation. â€Å"For him, slavery and freedom were incompatible; for one to live, the other must die.† (History Book, 512). He also strongly opposed The Mexican War. After his term was over, he decided to go home and continue with his law practice. In 1850, he decided to join the Republican Party and ran against Stephen A. Do uglas for his spot in the Senate. In 1858, at one of his speeches in Illinois, he made a quite informative speech about his and the Republican party’s point of view on slavery. â€Å"We have in this nation the element of domestic slavery. The Republican Party thinks it wrong - we think it is a moral, a social, and a political wrong. We think it is wrong not confining itself merely to the... ...omb at Oak Ridge cemetery. To this day, people remember him not only as a one of the greatest presidents ever, but also as a great human being. His dedication and courage throughout the war helped make The United States whole again and made sure that something like this would hopefully never happen again. His face is seen every day on a five dollar bill, on a penny and even on Mount Rushmore. He did something not very men have ever done. He brought an entire nation together again and guided it through the most devastating experience that this nation has faced. Works Cited Books - Mason, Lorna C, William Jay Jacobs, and Robert P Ludlum. The History of the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992. Donald, David H. LINCOLN. New York, New York: Touchstone Company, 1996 Guelzo, Allen C. Abraham Lincoln. Boston: Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1999 Internet –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3a8334a50e83.htm, Why was Lincoln Shot?, Unknown, 05-16-01 http://home.att.net/~rjnorton/Lincoln75.html, Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Unknown, 12-1-03 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=114491&tocid=0, Abraham Lincoln, Brità ¡nica.

The Red Badge of Courage: A Coming of Age Novel Essay -- Character Ana

A solider is a solider in anytime. Whether he is a solider fighting off the British in the American Revolution, or a solider fighting against his own in a civil war. Many of the experiences and feelings are the same. Have you ever wondered what it is like being a solider? Have you ever wondered about a soldiers feelings as he faces battle for the first time? Stephen Crane shows us in The Red Badge of Courage, a character, Henry Fleming, an average young recruit in the Civil War. Fleming comes to realize that when it comes to war what he expects is different from what he must come to except. Stephen Crane was born shortly after the Civil War which may have influenced his writing of The Red Badge of Courage, which some critics view as a coming of age novel. Stephen Crane was born shortly after the Civil War on November 1st 1871, in Nework New Jersey (Miller 285). The Crane family had fourteen children, Stephen Crane being the last (285). According to â€Å" a short biography of Stephen Crane’s early years,† by the time Crane had reached the age of three he had already taught himself to read and right. At the age of four Crane had read James Fenimore Cooper’s novels. These novels had been past down by his brother, who had to sneak the novels into the strict Methodist household. According to Ray Miller, the Crane family moved to Port Jervis, New York in 1878, but two years later marked the death or Crane’s father. Crane’s mother then moved the family to Asbury Park, New Jersey where Stephen Crane began to excel in public schools (285). Crane’s first short story was not published until after his death, which was called â€Å" Uncle Jake and the Bell Handler† written in 1885 (285). At this time Crane enrolled into Pennington Se... ...ience what it is like to be a hero (shaw 418). As The Red Badge of Courage comes to it’s conclusion the cowardly â€Å"youth† to a courageous hero. Fleming focused on his hate and desire to smash the glittering smile of victory that was seen on his enemy’s face (Blair). Author Stephen Crane attended many schools through out his life, but writing came to be his profession. The Red Badge of Courage, Crane’s most successful novel, was considered one of the first forms of realistic war fiction written on the Civil War. Some critics say that the unknown battle in Chancellorsville influenced Crane to write this novel. Through out the novel Crane’s shows how Henry Fleming transformed from a cowardly teenage recruit to a hero of war. This novel proved that any soldier, whether he is a sergeant or private, can pull through at the right moment, and be seen as a hero.

Monologue About Crimes

What are the most often commited crimes in Lithuania? Which types of crimes are considered the worst? Why? If you were the Minister of Justice, what actions would you take to make people feel safer? What sentences should be given for serious crimes? Nowadays our life isn’t safe. It seems that neither police, nor government can guarantee safety. Statistics shows that violent crimes at present have increased. So no one can live in peace and feel safe even in his own home. There are some of usually commited crimes in Lithuania such as drug trafficking, killing people, theft, alcoholism. All of this commited crimes mostly repeating actions is stealing of wealth. The light-fingered steals all, from flowers of windows to luxurious cars. Talking about vandalism, vandals usually are youngers. They broke small trees, windows and street’s lamps. I think that killing people is the worst type of crimes. Because when you kill people, you take out a life, and a big paint of victim familiar. If I were the Minister of Justice, I would take some actions that people feel more safer. Firstly, the only way to reduce the amount of crime is to give more money to the street lighting, to install closed circuit television, improve security and let more officers on the beat. If we want to protect our property, we must install burglar-alarm to our cars and especially to our homes, or even build in where an armoured doors. I think that for serious crimes such as murder, should be given sentence in prison till death penalty. All things considered, crime is very big problem existing all over the world. We must beware criminals. Nobody will protect you, unless yourself. Similar essay: Snatch Theft Essay

Applied Statistics at Grand Canyon University Essay

1. Which patient scored the highest on the preoperative CVLT Acquisition? What was his or her T score? The 3rd patient scored 63 which is the highest CVLT T-score. 2. Which patient scored the lowest on postoperative CVLT Retrieval? What was this patient’s T score? The 4th patient scored the lowest on the postoperative CVLT Retrieval with a score of 23. 3. Did the patient in Question 2 have more of a memory performance decline than average on the CVLT Retrieval? Provide a rationale for your answer. Yes, because he scored 23 and the average is 38.2. 4. What is the mean ( X) and standard deviation (SD) for preoperative T score for CVLT Acquisition? The mean for preoperative T score for CVLT acquisition is 46.35, and the SD is 5.061, calculated using Excel auto sum function. 5. Is the preoperative Retrieval T score for Patient 5 above or below the mean for the norm of the group? Provide a rationale for your answer. The score for patient 5 on preoperative Retrieval T score (52) is above the mean for the norm of the group (47.36). 6. Assuming that the distribution of the preoperative CVLT Retrieval T scores is normal, the middle 68% of the patients had T scores between what two values? 7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for the postoperative CVLT Retrieval T scores is normal, the middle 68% of the patients had T scores between what two values? 8. The researchers state that it appears that the functional integrity of the left temporal lobe, despite evidence of structural abnormality, plays a considerable role when it comes to memory outcomes following left ATL. Can the findings from this study be generalized to a larger population? Provide a rationale for your answer. No, because, according to our source, the sample size is too small to generalize the results for a larger population. 9. If a patient had a raw score = 30, what would his/her postoperative CVLT Retrieval T score be? Tscore=10X/SD+(50-10Xo/SD) Tscore=10(30)/1.414+(50-10(39.294))/1.414 Tscore=-15.729 10. Did patients demonstrate more postoperative memory declines among CVLT Retrieval T scores than CVLT Acquisition T scores? Provide a rationale for your answer No, the number of declines in both postoperative categories is the same(13).

Digital Single-lens Reflex Camera

Brochure More information from http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/2104103/ Digital Camera Market in India 2012 Description: Digital camera market in India can be characterized with strong growth potential in the ensuing years. Currently, the market is mainly dominated by a handful of players and a cut-throat competition exists amongst these players. The market was valued at INR 17. 5 bn during the fiscal year 2010 and is expected to attain a CAGR of 43% to reach INR 104. 6 bn by 2015. Rising disposable income and increased consumerism primary boosts the market in India.The report begins with a market overview, which provides an insight to the overall digital camera market. It describes the primary reasons which are propelling the market forward. The section also talks about the prevailing competition amongst major players and the market size and growth figures in India in terms of revenue as well as total camera units. This section also features Porter’s five forces a nalysis of the digital camera market in India, thereby offering a clear picture of the market scenario and market entry barriers for prospective new entrants.This section is followed by the technology section which enlightens the readers about the image sensors used in digital cameras for producing images. The sensors discussed in the report comprise of CMOS and CCD sensors. The section enlists the working procedures and advantages of these sensors, thereby providing detailed information about the Pros and Cons of each individual sensor. Distribution model section of the report briefly summarizes the various channels of product distribution, adopted by major players in the market to sell their products.It brings forth the present marketing strategies put in place by the players so as to increase their market reach and penetration. Pricing strategy analysis of top three vendors in the market have been derived after an in-depth analysis of the players concerned. The list generated aft er the research offers valuable insight about the various lucrative segments in the market. This section also features a separate analysis column which helps in clearly distinguishing the prime product segments on which these vendors primarily emphasize on.An analysis of the drivers and challenges explains the factors leading to the growth of the market including increased disposable income, declining prices, rise in e-commerce, increased travel plans and growing inclination for digital cameras. Strong opportunity exists in the market as increasing disposable income and higher consumption pattern drive the demand for digital cameras. This coupled with the fact that the increasing travel plans and constant decline of prices will lead to a developing market.Additionally, growing tendency to own a digital camera and to be able to share images online will fuel growth in this market. The key challenges identified are presence of grey market and emergence of Smart devices with camera feat ures. Basically, grey markets sell products prior to their official launch at comparatively lower prices and hence consumers are attracted by the fact of getting the latest product first hand, which in turn reduces the revenue generated by the overall market.The unprecedented growth in adoption of smart devices capable of capturing high quality images is also a factor hindering the full fledged growth in the market. A majority of the population still prefer devices such as Smartphones as a substitute of digital cameras. The prime reason for this tendency happens to be the common notion to own a multifunction product. Trends identified in the market comprise of introduction of mirrorless cameras, maintaining an India specific product portfolio, providing attractive features and specific focus on a particular range of products.Some of the key players in the market have introduced the mirrorless cameras in their product portfolio. This segment has attracted a lot of attention as these products have a comparatively lower body weight and are much more compact as compared to bulky DSLR cameras and hence owing to the portability quotient, these devices are finding a growing acceptability amongst both consumers as well vendors. It is also seen that most of the major players in the market India specific product portfolio wherein they price their products by keeping in mind the fact that India is a price sensitive country.Off late, the digital camera market has also seen the emergence of products with attractive features such as swivel LCD screens, direct image sharing over the internet, HD video recording and 3D imaging amongst other. Players are primarily incorporating these attractive features so as to lure consumers and gain a competitive edge over their competitors. Lastly, the key players in the market have exhibited a common tendency to bank upon a particular range of products. They spend a substantial amount of their operating expenses for the marketing of these products.This strategy is primarily adopted so as to increase brand visibility and awareness amongst consumers. The competition section provides detailed information about the competitive landscape in the market and includes a detailed profile of the major players in the market. This section covers crucial information about the players such as their corporate information, business highlights, a brief history of their respective corporate activities and sales intelligence. It further elaborates on the player’s detailed SWOT analysis and a comprehensive list of their product portfolio.A separate section on the future strategies of key vendors is also included in the report which gives value added information about the future plans of the top vendors in the market. This section highlights the key areas which these vendors are currently focusing on, so as to generate a better amount of revenue and garner a larger share in the overall market. The report concludes with a section o n strategic recommendations which comprises of an analysis of the growth strategies of the digital camera market in India. Contents:Page 1: Executive Summary Market Overview Page 2: Digital Camera Market – Overview; Digital camera – Market Size (FY 2010-2015e), Page 3: Porter’s Five Forces Analysis – Digital Camera Market Technology Page 4: Image Sensors – Working; Advantages Distribution Model Page 5: Distribution Model – Consumer Electronic Stores, Retail Showroom, Channel Partners, Distributors and Dealers Pricing Strategy Analysis of Top 3 Vendors Page 6: Pricing Strategy – Point and Shoot Segment Page 7: Pricing Strategy – DSLR Segment Drivers and Challenges Page 8: Summary Page 9-13: Drivers Page 14: Challenges Trends Page 15: Summary 16-17: Trends Competition Page 18: Canon Inc – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 19: Canon Inc – SWOT Analysis Page 20-23: C anon Inc – Product Portfolio Page 24: Eastman Kodak Company – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business HighlightsPage 25: Eastman Kodak Company – SWOT Analysis Page 26: Eastman Kodak Company – Product Portfolio Page 27: FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 28: FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation – SWOT Analysis Page 29-31: FUJIFILM Holdings Corporation – Product Portfolio Page 32: Nikon Corp – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 33: Nikon Corp – SWOT Analysis Page 34-36: Nikon Corp – Product Portfolio Page 37: Olympus – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 38: Olympus – SWOT Analysis Page 39-41: Olympus – Product Portfolio Page 42: Panasonic Corporation – Corporate Information; Sales Int elligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 43: Panasonic Corporation – SWOT Analysis Page 44-47: Panasonic Corporation – Product Portfolio Page 48: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 49: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. – SWOT Analysis Page 50-53: Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Product Portfolio Page 54: Sony Corp – Corporate Information; Sales Intelligence; Brief History and Business Highlights Page 55: Sony Corp – SWOT Analysis Page 56-57: Sony Corp – Product Portfolio Future Strategies of Key Vendors Page 58: Future Strategy – Major Players Strategic Recommendations Page 59: Strategic Recommendations List of Charts & Figures Market Overview 1. Digital Camera Market Size – Revenue (FY10 – FY15e) 2. Digital Camera Market Size – Volume (2010-2015e) 3. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis Pricing Strategy – Digital Camera Market 4. Pricing Strategy – Point and Shoot Segment 5. Pricing Strategy – DSLR Segment Drivers and Challenges 6. 7. 8. 9. Total no. f household (mn) – (2005, 2015e, 2025e) Aggregate Annual Disposable Income (2005, 2015e, 2025e) e-Commerce market growth – India (2010 – 2015e) Travel and Tourism – Size and Growth (2010 – 2020e) List of Tables Distribution Model 1. Sales Channel – Major Vendors Competition 2. Major Players a. Corporate Information b. Sales Intelligence c. SWOT Analysis d. Product Portfolio Future Strategy of Key Vendors 3. Future Strategy – Major Vendors Ordering: Order Online – http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/2104103/ Order by Fax – using the form below Order by Post – print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland. Page 1 of 2 Fax Order FormTo place an order via fax simply print this form, fill in the i nformation below and fax the completed form to 646-6071907 (from USA) or +353-1-481-1716 (from Rest of World). If you have any questions please visit http://www. researchandmarkets. com/contact/ Order Information Please verify that the product information is correct and select the format(s) you require. Product Name: Web Address: Office Code: Digital Camera Market in India 2012 http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/2104103/ OC8DJJJMQQSOPR Product Formats Please select the product formats and quantity you require: Quantity Electronic Single User: Electronic Site License: Electronic Enterprisewide: EUROâ‚ ¬ 595. 00 EUROâ‚ ¬ 1,190. 0 EUROâ‚ ¬ 1,785. 00 Contact Information Please enter all the information below in BLOCK CAPITALS Title: First Name: Email Address: * Job Title: Organisation: Address: City: Postal / Zip Code: Country: Phone Number: Fax Number: * Please refrain from using free email accounts when ordering (e. g. 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World Religions Study Exam Study Guide

EXAM REVIEW HRF3O1 Unit 1 Approaches to Religion 1. Explain the meaning of the following terms; * Ascetic, Agnostic, Polytheistic, Monotheistic, Religious Impulse, Sacred, Secular, Animism and Humanist Ascetic: One who practices very strict devotions using sever of self-denial. Agnostic: A person who doubts that humans can know the existence of a possible God and the possible existence of anything beyond this life. Polytheism: Belief in more than one God. Monotheistic: Believing in only one God. Religious Impulse: The universal urge to believe in something beyond ourselves.Sacred: Connected with religion. Secular: Connected with or belonging to the material world. Animism: The attribution of a living soul to plants, animals, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. Humanist: An adherent of humanism- an outlook or system of thought that views humankind, rather than spirituality or religion, as the source of all value or meaning. 2. Explain the connection (or lack of one) between reli gion and ethnicity. Religion is primarily concerned with beliefs, rituals and practices, while ethnicity refers to a person’s origins, race, culture but not necessarily his or her religion. . Define Pop Culture. Provide examples of the influence on traditional concepts of religion. Pop Culture: Commercial culture based on popular taste. A negative influence that pop culture has had, would be the negative image we have of Muslims, labeling them all as terrorists, based on a small minority. 4. Define Culture and describe how it is learned. Culture: The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively. Culture is learned through our family, our school, our friends, and our society.Things that limit what we learn culturally could be laws, or society’s expectations of us, our â€Å"class. † 5. Identify the world’s 3 â€Å"Great Religions†. Why are they considered â€Å"Great†? Islam, Christianity and Judaism. They are geographically spread, old, complex scriptures, many places of worship, involves the roles of people. 6. Identify 3 reasons people feel the need to practice religion. People feel the need to practice religion out of fear, out of wonder, to answer questions, to give them a guide in life, it helps them find themselves, etc. 7.All spiritual systems share some â€Å"universal† similarities. Identify and explain 3 of these. Organized institutions, Church, Synagogue, Mosque, places to practice their religions. Rules of conduct; the Five Pillars, the Ten Commandments, etc. , rules they must follow to guide them in life. Sacred writings or scriptures; the source of information for their practices and beliefs, or a sacred written history. Other examples would be a belief in the afterlife, salvation, ideas that parallel good & evil, etc. 8. How does religion provide both social harmony and social control?It could provide social harmony because it brings people together, gives them something to do, something to believe in, most religions are based off of ideas of good and evil, so if someone practices this, they will be trying to stay good, therefore making social aspects better too. It could provide social control again, because there are rules to be followed in that religion, and through history there have been attempts to convert everyone into a certain religion, or places that have a state religion, makes the religion a way to control the people. . Explain the difference between Fact and Opinion. How could you tell if someone is bias? Fact: A thing that is indisputably the case. Opinion: A view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. You could tell someone is biased if they have had a previous experience that makes them lean a certain way, or if they got incorrect information from somewhere. Someone is usually bias is they have an extreme opinion- either positive or negative. 10. Provide 2 examples each of a pri mary source and a secondary source.A Primary Source could be an auto biography, or an interview with the person whom you’re talking about. A Secondary Source could be the Bible, or a documentary based on something that happened in history. 11. Explain the difference between Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism. Ethnocentrism: Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group. Cultural Relativism: Understanding the ways of other cultures and not judging these practices according to one's own cultural ways. Aboriginal Spirituality 1. Define Residential schools. What was the purpose of these schools?Residential schools were schools that Aboriginal children were forced into, and were abused, while people tried to assimilate them into European culture, by separating them from their parents, their language and their culture. 2. Define Self Government. What did the Indian Acts of 1895 encourage? Self-Government: Government of a political unit by its own people. They encouraged Ab original peoples to give up their culture and adopt â€Å"white ways. † 3. What is Oral History? Describe the Native views of Creation vs. our own. Oral History is the communication of stories and lessons of history by speaking fluently, listening and understanding.Aboriginal Creation stories usually involve several spirits or animals, where our Creation stories usually come from a supreme Creator. Unit 2: Early Religions Zoroastrianism 12. Identify the founder of Zoroastrianism Zarathustra was the founder of Zoroastrianism. 13. Explain the 3 similarities Zoroastrianism has with one of the â€Å"Big 3† religions. (Great Religions) It is very old, it is monotheistic and believes in one supreme being/god (Ahura Mazda), a belief in an afterlife, i. e. , good people spend their afterlife with Ahura Mazda, and bad people spend it with Angra Mainyu. (Parallels good and evils tendencies. ) 14.What is the significance of fire for Zoroastrians? Fire signifies the divine. 15. Wh ere is Zoroastrianism origins to be found geographically? It began in Azerbaijan, Iran around 1700 BCE. 16. What are the two main gods in Zoroastrianism? What happens to the â€Å"soul† after death in Zoroastrian beliefs? The two main gods are Ahura Mazda, the good god and supreme creator, and Angra Mainyu, the bad god and evil spirit of death and violence. 17. Explain the Zoroastrian death rituals. The bodies are placed in Dakhmas where the bones are picked clean by vultures. 18. Explain the symbolism used in the Faravahar. What does each part represent?The Faravahar, is to remind one of the purpose of life on this earth, which is to live in such a way that the soul progresses spiritually and attains union with Ahura-Mazda. Center Circle: Represents the soul of the individual. Wings: Allow the soul to progress and evolve. Five layers of wings represent the five divine songs (Gathas) of Zarathustra, the five divisions of the day (Gehs), and the five senses. Long Curved Legs: Represents the opposing forces of good and evil. A conflict occurs between the two and a person must choose which path to follow. Tail: Helps the soul to balance itself between these forces (like a rudder).Three layers of the tail represent:1. Good thoughts2. Good deeds3. Good words Head: Every soul has free choice to either obey or disobey the divine natural laws. Ring in Hands: Symbolizes the cycles of rebirth on this earth and planes the soul can undergo. Jainism 1. In what ways does a Jain achieve salvation/liberation? They must be fully ascetic and monasticism. A path to liberation (Moksha) consists of: i. Right Perceptionii. Right Knowledgeiii) Right Conduct They must conquer material existence to release oneself from Samara (the cycle of births and re-births) 2. What is Sallekhana?Compare with anorexia. Sallekhana is the voluntary death by fasting. Anorexia is an eating disorder where a person refuses to eat for fear of gaining weight, or to lose weight. Mentally it gives the victim control when they feel they can’t control other aspects of their life. Compared to Sallekhana, anorexia is a mental disorder where the person doesn’t understand anymore that they can die from not eating, versus Sallekhana, where the person is wishing to achieve liberation through fasting, and is a spiritual decision to detach oneself from the material world by starving themselves to death. . Explain Karma, Moksha, and Samsara, and Atomism in the context of Jainism. Karma: The sum of a person's actions in this and previous states of existence, viewed as deciding their fate in future existences. Moksha: Release from the cycle of rebirth impelled by the law of karma. Samsara: The cycle of death and rebirth to which life in the material world is bound. 4. Identify 3 Rules of Conduct for a Jain and explain them. a. Ahimsa (Non-Violence, through thought word or deed) b. Celibacy c. No stealing 5. Sketch the symbol for Jainism and explain each part of the figure.Taois m 1. What does â€Å"Tao† mean? How is this included in Confucianism, Taoism, and Shintoism? Tao means â€Å"The Way†. Confucianism one best maintains the Tao via alignment with existing social values, so defined by tradition and cultural morays. Taoism believes that by to follow the Tao you must ‘sit and do nothing’, ‘go with the flow’ as we can’t have control over the way. The Shinto tradition focuses on the worship of the pure to the exclusion of the impure, and focuses on nature, although there is no Tao. 2. Explain the significance of Huang Di, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu for Taoism.Huang Di: The first sort of founder for Taoism. Lao Tzu: Wrote the Lao Tzu and is one of the most ‘famous’ founders of Taoism. Chuang Tzu: He wrote the Tao Te Ching. 3. What is the major difference between Eastern Religions and Western Religions in your opinion? Western religions hold a distinction that humans are the most important, where Easte rn religions tend to believe everything is alive, and has a soul. Western religions believe in a supreme creator, Eastern religions tend to believe that nature is divine, and that there is no one god.In Western religions the source of happiness and salvation are through a relationship with the supreme creator, or â€Å"God†, whereas Eastern religions believe that enlightenment and liberation is within oneself. 4. Sketch a Yin-Yang in your notes. Identify 3 points for each. The small circle in each side represents that there is a little bit of dark in light and vice versa. 5. What is Wu-Wei? Provide an example. Wu-Wei means do nothing, let nature take its course. If someone happens you don’t like, don’t try to fight it, it’s natural to happen and you’ll be messing with life’s natural cycle if you try to stop it. . Why is Taoism concerned with physical health? Provide ways that physical health is promoted Among Taoists. Taoism believes that to keep the body pure (the vessel of the spirit) that you are also being healthy spiritually. Being physically healthy helps your mind stay clear. Confucianism 1. What did Kung Fu Tzu (Confucius) experience that made him so revered? Confucius experienced heartache. His father died when he was a toddler, and his mother died later on. He was born out of wed-lock, and was â€Å"kicked out† of him family. Confucius was kind of a loner, being giant, and ‘ugly’ didn’t have many friends.Confucius experienced rejection from people of power but never stopped trying. People admire Confucius for his accomplishments even when he had such a hard life. 2. What is the â€Å"Golden Rule†? Was Confucius a founder? The Golden Rule is a code of moral and ethics. â€Å"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. † Confucius was a founder, since he believe that no matter what rank, people should be judged based on their quality (intellect, wisdom), inst ead of looks , power or wealth. 3. Identify and explain the 5 virtues. 1. Ren: The virtue of benevolence, charity, and humanity. . Yi: Honesty and uprightness. 3. Zhi: Knowledge 4. Xin: The virtue of faithfulness and integrity 5. Li: Correct behavior, or propriety, good manners, politeness, ceremony, worship. Shintoism 1. Why is comparing Shintoism to other religions difficult? There is no founder, no ritual use of scripture, and no organized teachings. It is seen more as folklore and mythology. 2. How is Shintoism adaptable and tolerant? 3. Identify the main deities in Shintoism. Who were their offspring? Who was most significant? Izanagi-no-Mikoto (brother/husband) and Izanami-no-Mikoto (sister/wife).Their offspring was Amaterasu, goddess of the Sun and Universe. Amaterasu was the most significant. 4. What is a torii gate? What is the purpose of the gate? A torii gate marks the transition from a profane place to a sacred place and is usually the entrance to a Shinto Shrine. 5. How is purification apparent in Shinto ritual and prayer? Cleanliness is an important part of Shinto and before entering any sacred place on must be clean. Cleaning represents purification, and before entering some shrines, you must rinse your mouth out at a special station. 6. What exactly do Shintoists worship?Shintoists believe in worshipping the natural world to establish communion, harmony and peace with its spirits and deities through prayer and ritual. In their view, moral and physical purity is a basic law. Shintoists worship Kami, divine beings, gods/goddesses who inhabit the water, the ground, the air, all parts of nature. 7. What are the major Shinto varieties? Folk Shinto: A looser form of Shinto, not so involved, and revolved more around the basic gods and myths of Shinto. State (Shrine) Shinto: There was emphasis that the emperor was a divine being, being a descendant of Amaterasu herself, making him a sort of God.Sect Shinto: Practices the worship of Kami, through shrine s dedicated to particular Kami. Unit 3 : Eastern Religions : Hinduism and Buddhism 1. What did the Aryans have to do with the origins of Hinduism? The Aryan settlers created poems and later texts on rituals and philosophy. Aryan religious thought flourished between 1500 to 500 BCE and was embodied in a collection of works called Vedas, which are considered Hinduism’s earliest sacred writing. To this day, Hindus consider the Vedas to be the authoritive scripture. 2. What does â€Å"you are that† mean? What is a Puja? You are that† refers to the Hindu idea that everything and everyone is Brahma. That by worshipping other gods, you are still worshipping Brahma because he is everything. That you are also Brahma (in a way) because Brahma is everything. Puja is a common thanksgiving ritual that involves offerings of flowers, food and other articles to deities 3. Who was Mahatma Ghandi and how did Jainism influence him? Ghandi was a peaceful leader who believed that thi ngs can be achieved or settled in a peaceful way. He believed that you could be against something, or protest something, without being violent, following along with Ahimsa in Jainism. . What are Bindi and Tilak? What can they mean for Hindus? The Bindi is the represent the third eye, and to strengthen the 6th Chakra, is worn by married women to show they are married and should be respected as such. Tilak is a sandalwood paste, in which there are different colours, and when worn in different colours, or fashions on the face, it shows people what God you worship. 5. Identify the 3 main Hindu Gods. Brahma; the Creator, Vishnu; the Preserver, Shiva; the Destroyer. 6. What are the laws of Manu? What did this mean for Women? It is a law book that affirms the Hindu concepts of dharma, caste, and the four arms of life.It deals with religious practice, law, and politics. Brahmins accept this, but it is rejected by other castes. For women this means they are expected to follow the rules of th e Manu, which means bearing sons, never being without a man’s presence, having to do traditional cooking and cleaning, etc. Sort of repressed. 7. Identify and describe the main Hindu Goddesses and their consorts. Saraswati: Goddess of learning and the arts, which is why she is depicted holding a book and a musical instrument called a veena. She rides a swan or peacock, her consort is Brahma.Parvati: Mother Goddess, worshiped as Shakti, or female energy. Changes into Durga or Kali according to different levels of anger, representing the different levels of Shakti. She is Shiva’s consort. Lakshmi: Goddess of wealth, happiness, and good fortune. 8. What is the Ramayana and what is the significance? An Epic which contains 240 000 verses. It is the story of Prince Rama, who is worshipped throughout the Hindu world as the 7th avatar of God Vishnu. The epic represents the constant struggle between good and evil forces, where good eventually prevails. Intro. To Buddhism: 1.Why is Buddhism becoming more popular in the West? Buddhism is becoming more popular in the West because it fills a spiritual void that â€Å"Western† religions can’t fill. It is more of a philosophy and can appeal to anyone. It allows the idea that anyone can achieve liberation through the practice, again not ceremonies like Western religions tend to revolve around, i. e. meditation instead of church, peaceful behaviour instead of preaching beliefs, etc. 2. What does Buddhism emphasize? Buddhism emphasizes practicing the teachings rather than to engage in ceremony in ritual. There is also a large emphasis on meditation. . What does Buddhism believe about people in search of truth? 4. What is Buddhism’s ultimate goal? The ultimate goal is to end human suffering Origins: 1. When and where was Buddhism founded? It was founded in India, 6th Century BCE. 2. Who was Siddhartha Guatama? What does his name mean? Siddhartha Guatama was the founder of Buddhism. Siddhartha m eans â€Å"the one who has achieved his goal. † 3. Describe Siddhartha’s miraculous birth. What did the Brahmins say about Queen Maya’s dream/the baby? What did King Suddhodana hop for his son and how did he protect him from the â€Å"real† world?Siddhartha was conceived as a baby white elephant, and his mother could see him in the womb. After 10 months of carrying the baby, his mother gave birth leaning against a tree, which lowered its branch to help her during labour. After he was born, water poured from the sky the wash him and his mother, though he was hardly dirty. After his birth, he took 7 steps and said, â€Å"This is my last birth. † The Brahmins told Queen Maya that she would give birth to a son, and that if he accepted the world, he would become King of all India, but if he rejected the world, he would become a redeemer of mankind.The King Suddhodana was more interested in his son becoming a king, so he made sure Siddhartha had everythi ng he could possibly want, and shielded him from suffering, so that he accepted the world. 4. What changed Siddhartha at the age of 29? Describe what he saw. Siddhartha discovered suffering. The first day he went outside the palace he saw an old man. The next day, he saw a man riddled with disease. The third day, he saw someone pushing a cart with a corpse on it, followed by a grieving mother and her children. The last day he saw a monk, who seemed like he had been through the hardships of life, but accepted them with peace and serenity.He realized that he too needed to solve this riddle to life. So he left his wife and son in the middle of the night. 5. What steps did Siddhartha take to find an answer on lifestyle choices? What was his conclusion? What did he learn about deeds? What state did he achieve? First he studied under Hindu hermits until he had learned all that they could teach. He then became an ascetic, giving up worldly pleasures and eating only a bean a day to survive. Siddhartha was close to death from fasting before his friends came and fed him. He realized that too much deprivation was as harmful as too much luxury, and the idea of â€Å"the Middle Way† was born. . What does Buddha mean? What did he believe about one’s personal salvation? Buddha means â€Å"the enlightened one† or â€Å"the awakened one. † He believed that everyone has to find their own liberation-which is within us all. 7. What Hindu aspects did Buddha accept and reject? The Buddha rejected the caste system, Hindu rituals and offerings to gods, theories, language of Sanskrit (he used Pali), nirvana being only possible for Brahmins, the authority of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Concepts that he accepted are those in the idea of reincarnation. 8. Describe the First Sermon.Define dharma, bhikkus, sangha and bhikku sangha. The First Sermon was when Siddhartha went back to the 5 ascetics and told them about this â€Å"Middle Way†, telling them h ow neither extreme was good- but that the path to liberation was one of moderation. This was his first teaching, so it is known as the First Sermon. Bhikku: A fully ordained monk who has left his home and renounced all his possessions in order to follow the way of the Buddha. Sangha: The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Bhikku Sangha: The community of fully ordained monks and nuns. 9. Describe Buddha’s death.What did he say to his followers? What state did he achieve? When he was over 80 years old the Buddha took a poisoned meal and ate- even though he knew it was poisoned, just to be courteous. He lie on his deathbed, surrounded by his followers, and he spoke : â€Å"In all my lifetime, two meals stand out supreme: one was the meal that I ate before I sat under the Bo tree, after which I received enlightenment; the other, tonight at the home of my dear friend, Cunda, after which I shall receive NiNana. † And he died. Buddhist Beliefs: 1. How is Buddhism an intros pective religion? What do Buddhist teachings express?Buddhism is an introspective religion because it is subjective, not objective. It is based off one’s perception, and experiences, not â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil. † It focuses on bettering oneself, rather than changing the things around them. Buddhist teachings express that nothing is permanent, so why fret, over something when everything is always changing and we can’t stop it. 2. Describe women in Buddhism? Who is Buddha Tara? Women in Buddhism are as equal as men. They are allowed to become nuns, and are allowed to practice in general. It is believed that women are also able to achieve nirvana, just as much as men are.The Buddha Tara is a figure in Buddhist teachings- who vowed to take rebirth as a woman until she became a Buddha. 3. Anicca, Dukkha, and Anatta are the characteristics of what doctrine? What do they mean? Anicca(Impermanence): represents the idea that the world is in a constant flux and that nothing stays the same for long. Impermanence is a fundamental feature of everything. Dukkha(Dissatisfaction): represents the idea that all humans and animals experience suffering. Physical and mental pain, are good examples. Feelings of continuous happiness or pleasure do not exist since these feelings only last for a limited amount of time.Dukkha touches everything in life. Anatta(no-self): is the notion that we cannot point to any one thing in ourselves and say it is our self. No single part of the body, is a human, only the parts put together makes the whole person. That is the same in that our mind, body, and spirit make up our â€Å"self†. These three things are the â€Å"Three Characteristics of Existence. † They make up everything outside nirvana. 4. Buddha wanted to find the cause of unhappiness and its treatments. What did he come up with? What are the central themes? The Buddha found that suffering is cause by craving and aversion. It is caused by our p erception. . The 5 Precepts are the â€Å"rules† that Buddhists follow. What are these rules? List the additional precepts monks/nuns observe. The Noble Eightfold path is comparable to what according to the film Religions of the World? 1. Abstain from killing or harming living beings 2. Abstain from stealing 3. Abstain from improper sexual conduct 4. Abstain from false speech 5. Abstain from taking alcohol and drugs (Additional precepts) 6. Abstain from eating after noon 7. Abstain from looking at dancing, singing or drama 8. Abstain from the use of perfumes and things that tend to beautify and adorn a person 9.Abstain from using comfortable beds 10. Abstain from accepting gold or silver 5. Who/what are the Three Refuges? What does each represent? The Three Refuges AKA the Triple Jewel, are the Buddha (the guide), the dharma (the path) and the Sangha (companions and teachers. ) 6. Who practices the Six Perfections? List the Six Perfections. A Bodhisattva practices the Six Per fections which include: giving, morality, patience, vigour, meditation, and wisdom. Symbols and Icons: 1. What does the Wheel of Life represent? What is found in each circle? Who has control over the circle?The Wheel of Life represents the endless cycle of births and uncontrolled rebirths (samsara. )The inner circle holds a bird, a pig, and a snake. These represent the human vices that keep the wheel turning- greed, ignorance, and hatred. The goal is to conquer these vices. The second ring shows the forms we take when we are reborn. The white half shows Heaven, the black shows Hell. The third ring shows the many regions into which one can be reborn. They represent real places and are not metaphors for states of mind. This ring includes experiences we may have as humans, i. e. suffering/pleasure.The images in the outer circle represent the twelve causes of endless rebirths: the old, bind person is ignorance, the potter creating a pot means actions, the monkey climbing the tree of sam sara represents consciousness, the man rowing a boat means name and form(body), a house with six doors and windows means the senses, a man and woman embracing means contact, the arrow in the eye means feeling, the man drinking alcohol depicts craving, the monkey grabbing fruit illustrates grasping, a women in labour depicts existence, a baby being born indicates birth, and finally a man carrying a corpse represents aging and death.The Wheel of Life is held in the teeth of Yama; the Lord of Death, and there is no single being inside the wheel who is outside the control of death. Only the Buddha is outside the wheel, pointing at the moon symbolizing nirvana. 2. What is the Mandala used for? What monks are required to make Mandalas? What happens to the Mandala after it is used? While the Mandala is being made it is used for prayer and meditation. When it is finished, monks recite chants and prayers before it is swept away, which symbolizes impermanence. 3.What influences the portrayal of Buddha images? When did these images start to pop up? There are images of Buddha to help followers remember their path, and to remember the meaning of his teachings, and honour his memory as a person, and the fact that he fact that he escaped Samsara. The images are to remind Buddhists, remember, and to honour. 4. Practice the 9 different Mudras and know what they represent. 5. What is found in the Stupas? Relics of the Buddha and other holy figures are found in the Stupas. 6. Describe how Lotus flowers symbolically represent humans.The vision is that some of the flowers are bogged down in the mud, and some about to bloom. The comparison is that all people have the ability to develop their potential and rise from an undesirable life. 7. What are Buddhapadas? Name 2 symbols found on them? Buddhapadas are the representations of Buddha’s footprints, and are revered in all Buddhist countries, believed to be places where Buddha stood. Symbols could be the Buddha, or sacred whee ls on the â€Å"soles† of these footprints . Practices, Rituals and Festivals: 1. What is karma? How did the film Religions of the World define it?Karma: â€Å"Action† or law of cause and effect; the totality of one’s thoughts and actions, which determines one’s fate in the next life. 2. What are the common offerings and what do they represent? Flowers- because as they fade and wilt, they emphasize the notion of impermanence. Incense Sticks- burn in the home and the temple to symbolize the Buddha’s â€Å"odour of sanctity. † Light of a candle- representing Buddha’s enlightenment. 3. Compare Buddha, Dhamma, and Sanhga Day. Buddha Day: Celebrated on the full-moon day of May, surrounding the belief that the birth, enlightenment, and death of the Buddha happened on this day.People assemble on the grounds of the monasteries, bringing flowers, lit candles and incense sticks. They walk around the main hall three times while reciting the Thre e Refuges. Dhamma Day: Celebrated on the full-moon day of July, being the day of the First Sermon, people gather and offer food to monks, nuns and novices in Deer Park. At night, people give food to the poor, observe the Five Precepts, and practice meditation. Sanhga Day: Celebrated on the full-moon day of March, commemorates two important events in the Buddha’s life.The first was the proclamation of the basic principles of Buddhist teachings, and the second was a sermon called the Basis of Success. Food is offered to monks, and people engage in good karma accumulating activities. Followers observe the Five Precepts and attend a sermon at the monastery. Groups and Institutions: 1. Compare the 3 main schools: Theravada, Mahayana, and Vajrayana. Theravada: Practiced in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. Considered the original and more conservative school of Buddhism. Only recognizes Tripitaka, as scripture. Focuses on the teachings of Buddha, not Buddha himself.They rely on meditation and insight to attain nirvana. They believe that humans are individuals, the key virtue is wisdom, religions is for monks, the ideal being is the Arhat, that Buddha is a saint, and prayer through meditation. Mahayana: Practiced in China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan. A more liberal school, and see Buddha as a divine being. Emphasis on Bodhisattvas. They believe that humans are involved with others, that the key virtue is compassion, religion is also for lay people, the ideal being is Bodhisattva, Buddha is saviour, and prayer for request.Vajrayana: Practiced in Tibet, Bhutan, and Nepal. Focuses on rituals, such as mantras, and material creations attached to Buddhism such as mandalas. Focuses on the Dalai Lama, who is their spiritual leader. 2 . Where is Zen practiced? What does it emphasize? What are koans? Zen in practiced in the Rinzai School, and the Soto school. Koans are riddles used to test students on their enlightenment. Unit 4: Western Religions: Judaism and Chri stianity Judaism 1. Define: Tanakh, Torah, and Talmud. What is the difference between these?Tanakh: The Jewish Bible consisting of the Torah, the Prophets, and the writings. Torah: Refers to the Law of Moses as well as the rest of the Hebrew Scriptures and the entire belief system of the Jewish faith. The word Torah is often translated as meaning â€Å"law†, but a more accurate translation is â€Å"teaching† or â€Å"instruction†. Talmud: Rabbinic teachings derived from the Mishnah. It is the main source of Jewish teaching from the medieval period to the present. The Torah is the first five books of the Tanakh, the Hebrew bible. Know to Christians as the old testament.The Talmud is a collection of rabbinical commentaries on the Hebrew bible, Jewish history, and other such things. You can consider the Talmud to be an encyclopedia of commentary. 2. In a few points differentiate between the 4 main Jewish denominations. 1. Orthodox Judaism: Orthodox Jews believe tha t God gave Moses the whole Torah (Written and Oral) at Mount Sinai. Orthodox Jews believe that the Torah contains 613 mitzvot (commandments) that are binding upon Jews. Modern Orthodox Jews strictly observe halakhah (Jewish Law), but still integrate into modern society.Ultra-Orthodox Jews, which includes Chasidic Jews, strictly observe Jewish laws and do not integrate into modern society by dressing distinctively and living separately. 2. Conservative Judaism: Conservative Judaism maintains that the ideas in the Torah come from God, but were transmitted by humans and contain a human component. Conservative Judaism generally accepts the binding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), but believes that the Law should adapt, absorbing aspects of the predominant culture while remaining true to Judaism's values. 3. Reform Judaism:Reform Judaism believes that the Torah was written by different human sources, rather than by God, and then later combined. While Reform Judaism does not accept the bi nding nature of halakhah (Jewish Law), the movement does retain much of the values and ethics of Judaism as well as some of the practices and culture. Reconstructionist Judaism: Reconstructionist believe that Judaism is an â€Å"evolving religious civilization. † In one way it is more liberal than Reform Judaism – the movement does not believe in a personified deity that is active in history and does not believe that God chose the Jewish people.In another way Reconstructionist Judaism is less liberal than Reform Judaism – Reconstructionist may observe Jewish Law, not because it is a binding Law from God, but because it is a valuable cultural remnant. 3. Explain the significance of the following people in the historical development of Judaism; Abraham, Moses, David, Solomon, the Rabbis. Abraham was instructed by God to move to a special land to raise a nation. God chose Abraham and promised to bless him and make him a â€Å"great nation†. The idea of Godâ €™s Covenant. During the time of Moses, God’s Covenant took on a new meaning.The Mosaic ties would have God provide His people with the Ten Commandments that would allow him to keep his Covenant. Moses came to Mount Horeb, called the mountain of God in the Book of Exodus. He encountered God through a burning bush. God revealed that the cries of the Israelites had been heard and that they would be set free through Moses. (Passover). David scored a number of military victories over his enemies and eventually established Jerusalem as his capital city. Solomon built a temple that would serve as a centre of worship for the Jewish faith for the next millennium.Rabbi: A Jewish scholar or teacher, especially of the Law, a person appointed as a Jewish religious leader. 4. What are Kashrut and Terafah? Kashrut: The Jewish dietary Laws; the active adherence to the rules of being Kosher. Terafah: nonkosher: not conforming to dietary laws. 5. Describe the Jewish rituals. What are some of the â€Å"items† used in Jewish rituals? Synagogue, Kiddush, minyan, yarmulke, tallis, tefillin, Shabbat, Rosh Hashannah, Yom kippur, Hanukkah, Pesach, Seder, chametz, Haggadah, circumcision. 6.Explain how both God and those of the Jewish faith uphold the Covenant. The idea of the Covenant is that the Jewish people are God’s people and part of His Covenant. In turn they must do His will to be in His Covenant. 7. Explain Mitzvah, Barakhah, and Halakah. Mitzvah: A commandment from God; the act of performing a good deed. The most well-known mitzvoth are the Ten Commandments. Barakhah: A blessing. Halakah: The legal part of Talmudic literature, an interpretation of the laws of the Scriptures. 8. Explain Bar Mitzvah and what it means for a young Jewish boy.Bar Mitzvah: The religious initiation ceremony of a Jewish boy who has reached the age of thirteen. This means they can now be a part of the Minyan. Christianity 1. Identify the importance of the following on the life of Jesus Christ and Christianity: Augustus Caesar, Pontius Pilate, Pax Romana, The Sanhedrin, Roman Tolerance, Constantine. Augustus Caesar was the Emperor when Jesus was born. Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor who ordered that Jesus be crucified. Pax Romana was a time when Rome was very powerful and relatively peaceful, during which Christianity multiplied rapidly.The Sanhedrin: The highest court of justice and the supreme council in ancient Jerusalem. The Roman empire had a tolerance for Christianity allowing it to spread during the times of the Pax Romana. Constantine was a Roman Emperor who converted to Christianity. 2. Summarize the following: Lent, Easter, Christmas, Epiphany, Ascension and Pentecost. Lent is a 40 day period of time, in which Christians give up something, symbolically representing how Jesus went into the desert for 40 days. Easter is the holiest Christian holiday, celebrating Jesus’ Resurrection.Christmas is the day celebrating Jesus birth. Epiphan y, twelve days after Christmas, used to commemorate the revelation of Jesus as God’s son at the time of his baptism in the Jordan River. When the Holy spirit granted the apostles with spiritual gifts and abilities fifty days after Easter allowing them to go into Jerusalem and proclaim their faith enthusiastically. 3. Outline the fundamental beliefs of Christians as outline in the Nicene Creed of 325 CE. They believe in one God, and that Jesus Christ is His son.That Jesus shall come again with glory to judge the living and the dead, the belief in the Holy Spirit, the catholic and apostolic church, and the acknowledgement of baptism for the forgiveness of sins. 4. Who wrote the Gospels of the New Testament? Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. 5. In what ways is the Catholic belief â€Å"outwardly† expressed? Through the Pope, one of the most well-known religious leaders in the current world. It is not just based on one’s own belief and faith, but also through oneâ€℠¢s actions and how they speak, proclaiming their faith, making it known through thought, word and action. . Identify the Sacraments of Christianity (i. e. Confirmation). Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist. 7. What was the Great Schism? What caused it? What was the result? The Great Schism was a split between the Eastern and Western Church, caused by mainly the accepted or rejection of the Pop and his authority, and the filioque cause, using â€Å" and the Son† at the end of the Nicene Creed, where as other groups believed that the Holy Spirit proceeds solely from the Holy Father, and not from the Son.This resulted in the two groups to separate and become their own denominations. 8. What was the Protestant reformation? Explain the difference between Catholicism and Protestanism. The Protestant Reformation was the reform of the western church in protest to its practices. Orthodox and Roman Churches had always focused on the importance of both faith and works, Protestantism is the belief of salvation through faith alone, which turned the belief inward, rather than focusing on outward sings.