John Marshall Essays - John Marshall, Randolph Family Of Virginia

John Marshall John Marshall was conceived on September 24, 1755 in Prince William County, Virginia. At the point when John was ten, his dad concluded that they were going to move into a valley in the Blue Ridge Mountains, just about thirty miles from the house they lived. John's folks were not accomplished yet they could peruse and compose. The books were difficult to deal with and were over the top expensive. Marshall had a house book of scriptures yet other than that they have basically no books to allude to. John's dad Thomas was old buddies with George Washington. Washington had a library and he allow John to utilize and was the books were useful. The Marshall family had concluded that John would be an attorney. John went to William and Mary College, where he went to the law talks of George Wythe. John Marshall joined the Culpeper Minute Men and was picked as the Lieutenant. John's granddad, on his mother's side, had been perhaps the wealthiest man yet the war had demolished him monetarily. The family had taken a little apartment loft close to the home office of Colonel Thomas Marshall who broadened his security. Marshall's private law practice constantly developed. He turned into a notable lawyer yet his dress propensities didn't change. At that point he employed the best dressed lawyer he could find for the standard one hundred dollars. At long last Marshall went to court to a hearing and was so profoundly dazzled that he argued to take the case. The individual had paid the legal counselor. He just had five dollars left and he took the case. In 1797, President John Adams delegated him to an American Mission to France to help in the exchange dealings. John Marshall came back to the United States to be excitedly got by a large portion of the nation. Marshall was a piece of the Marbury versus Madison preliminary, his assessment of the preliminary was his scholarly and of moral power and he foreshadowed the perspectives he would communicate in later preliminaries. Subsequent to turning into the First Chief Justice Marshall was solicited by the nephew from George Washington to compose the official memoir. He was ill-equipped to compose the memoir yet he chose to do it at any rate. The memoir that he composed took four years to compose and was five volumes. John Marshall battled in numerous preliminaries during his lifetime, they are: Marbury versus Madison battled in 1803 McColloch Vs. Maryland battled in 1819 Dartmouth College versus Woodward battled in 1819 Cohens versus Virginia battled in 1821 Gibbons versus Odgen battled in 1831 Cherokee Nation versus Territory of Georgia battled in 1831 Three years after the Cherokee Nation versus State of Georgia preliminary John Marshall passed on. Presently, in his respect, there is a committed law school, in Chicago, named after him on account of his achievements. John Marshall Law School is the place my dad went to graduate school.

Nike Case

Nike Case 1. Should Nike be considered answerable for working conditions in remote processing plants that it doesn't possess, however where subcontractors make items for Nike? No, I don't trust Nike ought to be answerable for working conditions in remote production lines. I do accept that there ought to be working guidelines set up and clung to however I don't accept that is Nike’s obligation. Nike is a business so as to maintain a fruitful business one must keep great strategic policies including regarding others convictions and values.It would be the same than if a Nike representative another worker how to bring up their children. For whatever length of time that they are maintaining the laws represented in that their own nation individuals are allowed to bring up their youngsters how they please. 2. What work norms in regards to security, working conditions, extra time, and such, should Nike hold remote processing plants to: those predominant in that nation, or those predom inant in the United States? Nike ought to maintain the gauges winning in the specific country.If there are given with respect to security, working conditions, additional time, and so forth, they ought to be talked about through independent substances, for example the United Nations. 3. A pay of $2. 28 every day, the base compensation of Nike assembly line laborers in Indonesia, is twofold the day by day pay of about a large portion of the working populace. Half of all grown-ups in Indonesia are ranchers, who get under $1 every day. Given this, is it right to reprimand Nike for the low compensation paces of its subcontractors in Indonesia? It isn't fitting to reprimand Nike for low compensation rates.According to pay. gov, the normal American salary is 46,326. In the event that an organization from United Arab of Emirates came trades items from a store in the U. S. furthermore, paid the works 105,623 (equivalent to the rate raise Nike is paying in Indonesia), Americans would be thank ful. 4. Could Nike have taken care of the negative exposure over sweatshops better? What may it have done any other way, from an advertising point of view, yet in addition from a strategy viewpoint? Truly, Nike could have taken care of the negative exposure better.For occurrence Andrew Young ought to have brought is own mediator into the manufacturing plants. It is highly unlikely of realizing what is really being said and the thought processes behind an outside translator. Nike made the correct strides when it ordered hours worked every week, the lowest pay permitted by law per overseeing nation, and bringing up the youngster work laws. They set emplace norms and caught up with them. At the point when they discovered organizations not holding fast to the guidelines they expanded them, and gave the business an away from of what the guideline mandates.I don’t figure Nike could/ought to have done whatever else. 5. Do you think Nike needs to roll out any improvements to its pres ent approach? Provided that this is true, what? Should Nike make changes regardless of whether they obstruct the capacity of the organization to contend in the commercial center? No, I don't trust Nike needs to make changes to its present arrangement. The way that they even embedded approach shows their character. On the off chance that Nike made changes and couldn’t contend in the commercial center a large number of Americans would be vexed about losing their preferred games brand, and a great many individuals would be out of jobs.The disappointment of Nike to contend in the commercial center could actually mean the down turn of outside economies. 6. Is the WRC option to contend that the FLA is an instrument of industry? The WRC is right in expressing FLA is an apparatus of the business. In any case, the organizations included are actually that, organizations. The FLA was a proper positive development for the quest for better strategic policies by different nations while kee ping up the most ideal business relationship. Lack of regard, isn't just an extraordinary method to lose business, yet wars are actually begun once again it.FLA takes the occasions to take a gander at the convictions, and estimations of the organizations it is working with and not simply â€Å"do what they feel is the correct thing to do†. 7. On the off chance that sweatshops are a worldwide issue, what may be a worldwide answer for this issue? The United Nations should deal with the sweatshop issue. That way it isn't only the U. S. assaulting, or executing their business structures on different nations. The United Nations is explicitly intended to deal with worldwide issues. Having different countries give their info and recommends would be a fantastically supportive and trading off device for representatives and bosses in all nations. Nike Case Corporate Finance Nike, INC: Cost of capital 1. What is the WACC and for what reason is it critical to gauge a firm’s cost of capital? Do you concur with Joanna Cohen’s WACC figuring? Why or why not? Meaning of WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital): WACC is fundamentally the normal of the expense of account (obligation and value). Since a company’s resources can be financed by obligation or value, WACC can show the midpoints of the costs engaged with the wellsprings of financing. These expenses are then weighted by the clients of the data as required in a particular situation.This shows how much both obligation holders hope to pay in premium and how much return the investor can hope to get, for every dollar of financing (Investopedia, ND). The estimation of the expense of capital is one of the significant components that choose the undertaking esteem. The estimation of the endeavor can fundamentally change when the level of cost of capital changes in the plan o f action, with the expense of capital speaking to the normal return for investors. We can't help contradicting Joanna’s WACC figuring for following reasons: The counts of WACC and DCF can be affected as they are abstract by her human judgment.Even however there are no correct responses to settle on these choices, our group can't help contradicting a portion of the suspicions Joanna Cohen made. I. ‘Ratio of obligation financing’ and ‘Ratio of value financing’ It must be applied the market esteem since current shareholders’ expected return must be reflected. The two proportions ought to be determined not by utilizing ‘Book Value’ however ‘Market Value’. ii. Cost of Debt Cost of Debt can be determined with the present yield traded on an open market in the market, since we are anticipating the future incomes. Joanna determined this by utilizing recorded data.However cost of obligation ought to be determined utilizing curr ent YTM of obligation. iii. Cost of Equity Joanna determined expense of obligation by utilizing following CAPM equation: Cost of Equity = 5. 74% (multi year Treasury bond) +0. 80 (Average Historic Nike beta) *5. 9% (Average premium of the market over Treasury) =10. 5% When computing the beta, utilizing the most present beta is superior to utilizing the normal, in light of the fact that the present beta mirrors the latest condition of Nike stock. 2. On the off chance that you don't concur with Cohen’s examination, ascertain your own WACC for Nike and be set up to legitimize your presumptions. I. Proportion of obligation financing’ and ‘Ratio of value financing’ Market estimation of obligation = 5. 4 + 855. 3 + 435. 9 = $1,296. 6million Market Value of equity= There is no data about market estimation of obligation. We will utilize ‘Book Value’ $1296. 6million Market Value of equity= Share cost ($42. 09) * Shares exceptional (271. 5million) =$11, 427. 4million Ratio of obligation financing=1,296. 6/(1,296. 6+11,427. 4) = 10. 19% Ratio of value financing=11,427. 4/(1,296. 6+11,427. 4) = 89. 81% WACC=9. 81%*89. 81%+7. 168 %*( 1-38%)*10. 19% =9. 26% ii.Cost of Debt Market estimation of obligation ought to be: Current cost of obligation: $95. 60 Coupon rate: 6. 75%(semiannual) =coupon $3. 375 for each 6month Period to development: 20 years =40 period Face esteem: $100 YTM (=cost of obligation) =3. 584% (semi yearly) =7. 168% (yearly) iii. Cost of Equity Using CAPM recipe Cost of Equity = 5. 74% (multi year Treasury bond) +0. 69 (Latest beta) *5. 9% (Average premium of the market over Treasury) =9. 81% 3. Figure the expenses of value utilizing CAPM and the profit markdown model. What are the focal points and drawbacks of every technique? * CAPM Cost of Equity = 5. 4% (multi year Treasury bond) +0. 69 (Latest beta) *5. 9% (Average premium of the market over Treasury) =9. 81% Advantage:| * CAPM thinks about just deliberate hazard, beta. It doesn't consider organization explicit hazard. * It is valuable to see an individual stock in whole portfolio. | Disadvantage:| * Some data sources are difficult to mirror the circumstance of genuine world. * Relatively hard to utilize contrasted with DDM| * DDM Share Price($42. 09) = Dividend($0. 48)/(re â€Dividend Growth(5. 5%)) re(Cost of Equity) = 6. 64% Advantage:| * DDM just spotlights on an individual stock instead of a portfolio. Continuously use, when computing stock cost. * Relatively simple to utilize contrasted with CAPM. | Disadvantage:| * Results are delicate to change when suspicions are inputted| 4. What ought to Kimi Ford suggest in regards to an interest in Nike? Suggestion: should purchase NIKE stock. NIKE stock cost ought to be $58. 22 under the condition WACC, 9. 26%. Right now Nike stock is $42. 09. Presently Nike stock is underestimate by $58. 22 †$42. 09 = $16. 13 for each offer. Works Referenced Investopedia, ND. M&A, Preferred Shares, I nvestopedia. [Online] Available at: http://www. investopedia. com/terms/w/wacc. asp [Accessed 1 April 2013].

Free Essays on Poem

Not a day passes by, I don't see your face What's more, long to be in your grip, To at long last get the chance to kiss those lips To put my hands upon your hips, What's more, look in to those flawless eyes Sparkling like the twilight skies To run my fingers through your hair A smoothness stunning Lastly, stroke your dazzling cheek So moved; I can not talk To hear that voice; quite sweet it makes my skirt a beat To have and hold you at last To be together, you and me... <input type=submit class=button orange value=Read the Full Version onclick=window.location = 'https://www.free-school essays.com/signup.html'; return bogus;/> Free Essays on Poem Free Essays on Poem A Detailed Look at the Second and Third Stanzas in Wallace Stevens’ Of Mere Being The sonnet, â€Å"Of Mere Being,† by Wallace Stevens, portrays the picture of a brilliant winged animal singing in a palm tree. The main refrain depicts a palm tree, standing â€Å"at the finish of the mind.† Continuing the sonnet through sunlight based symbolism, a singing winged animal is imagined in the tree. Stevens at that point proposes to the peruser that we don't have to comprehend the bird’s melody, or why it gives us passionate reactions. The peruser is lead to aside from the way that the feathered creature just exists in the palm tree, in space. In the main line of the subsequent verse, the flying creature is depicted as â€Å"gold feathered.† The importance of a brilliant fowl could represent one’s soul, or internal soul. Then again, the winged creature could be totally outside of us. Its reality is an event that we have no influence over. Gold is a valuable metal, which could imply life, significance, immaculateness, or something wanted. The way that the feathered creature is gold could connote that the bird’s presence is something that the peruser could want. In the second and third lines of the subsequent refrain, Stevens tells the peruser that the flying creature sings in the palm with no setting of human importance or feeling. The feathered creature is totally outsider from our reality. This could be a reference to the withdrawn individual life, which Stevens lead. Stevens had not many dear companions, and infrequently wandered out in the open eye. In Steven’s article, â€Å"The Noble rider and the Sound of Words,† Stevens investigates the job of the artist. Like the Greek perspectives on the Philosopher, Stevens considers the to be as a respectable individual who is delicate to the real world. â€Å"[The poet’s] job, to put it plainly, is to assist individuals with living their lives. Consistently it has been said that he may not deliver himself to a tip top. I think he may† (Stevens 5). This suggests the graceful Stevens ... Free Essays on Poem Not a day passes by, I don't see your face Also, long to be in your grip, To at last get the opportunity to kiss those lips To put my hands upon your hips, Also, look in to those stunning eyes Sparkling like the twilight skies To run my fingers through your hair A luxuriousness unparalleled Lastly, touch your flawless cheek So moved; I can not talk To hear that voice; very sweet it makes my avoid a beat To have and hold you at long last To be together, you and me... <input type=submit class=button orange value=Read the Full Version onclick=window.location = 'https://www.free-school essays.com/signup.html'; return bogus;/>

Walt Whitmans Song of Myself Essay -- Song of Myself Essays

Walt Whitman's Tune of Myself Walt Whitman's 'Tune of Myself' is, on the most essential graphic level, a truly long sonnet. Whitman is obviously a writer with a great deal to state, or if nothing else with a variety of approaches to state it. He wanders from the small scale to the full scale, from iotas to the entire earth. There are clearly horde approaches to clarify what the sonnet is about, and bunch 'keys' to its actual importance. In what became Section 6 of the last version (lines 90-121 of the 1855 release ) Whitman himself tends to this kind of 'meta-question' of translation. By doing as such in one of the calmer, progressively clear areas of the sonnet, Whitman welcomes us to utilize the segment as one such 'key.' In Section 6, Whitman spreads out a (potential) microcosm of 'Melody of Myself' and gives a caring brief that here is where overwhelmed perusers can slip their way into the sonnet. Whitman signals from the earliest starting point of this entry that it is more available than the vast majority of his others. The principal line lets us know essentially of an inquiry posed by a youngster: ?A kid stated, What is the grass? bringing it to me with full hands?? (90). Rather than a portion of the previous lines- - the test of line 22 (?Have you figured a thousand sections of land a lot? Have you figured the earth a lot??) or the disarray of lines 30-31 (?I have heard what the talkers were talking?.the discussion of the start and the end,/yet I don't discussion of the start and the end?.?) - this data is anything but difficult to process. We are likely to delay and appreciate the reviving picture of a curious youngster, hands brimming with grass. In spite of the fact that Whitman proceeds to index a wide range of comparative brief, basic representations, for the second we just need to manage one. This single kid is a messenge... ... (as controlled by the 1891-1892 release). Whitman?s answer to the inquiry he presented to us before is currently exactly what we may anticipate. ?They are fit as a fiddle some place;/The littlest sprout appears there is actually no demise? he lets us know (116). This appears to be nearly to state ?Good job?you followed my pieces of information effectively, you also can understand verse.? By setting this area up, Whitman gives us one of his principle topics that we can continue to finish this sonnet. Simultaneously, he gives us that one sonnet can be about a wide range of thoughts, thus alerts us against being too inflexible about our newfound focal point. His huge number of ?expressing tongues? can be confounding, yet he doesn't leave us stranded?he gives us a guide that demonstrates one approach to explore this sonnet, and furthermore the opportunity to find others freely. Works Cited: Whitman, Walt. Melody of Myself. 14 Nov 2006 .

Ivy Leaguer in NBA

Ivy Leaguer in NBA February 23, 2012 Even Spike Lee was wearing a Harvard Lin jersey at Madison Square Garden over the weekend as the Knicks faced off against the Mavs. Lin did not disappoint (photo credit: Hans Reitzema). Ivy Leaguer Jeremy Lin is no fluke. He still has the Knicks winning. Hes still scoring. Hes still stealing the ball. And hes still finding his teammates for assists. Last night, he dismantled the Atlanta Hawks with 17 points, 9 assists, 2 steals, and 2 rebounds. He had 21 points in a loss to the Nets before the Hawks game and on February 19th, he had his finest game as a pro against the defending NBA Champion Dallas Mavericks. Against the Mavs, Lin scored 28 points and dished out an astonishing 14 assists to go along with 4 rebounds and a ridiculous 5 steals. 5 steals! This Harvard athlete sure does have staying power. On the biggest stage in sports, competing in front of the toughest crowd there is, Jeremy Lin didnt go away after a week in the spotlight. His numbers didnt slip. His minutes havent decreased. Hes distributing the ball, incorporating Carmelo Anthony, Amare Stoudemire, Tyson Chandler, and now J.R. Smith into the potent New York offense. Melo seems to understand that things have changed since he stepped off the hardwood prior to sitting out with an injury. Hes come back to a completely different teamone in which Lin is very much the key asset. While Lin wont be competing in the Olympics and he was left off the All-Star Team (he started shocking the world too late into the season to make the All-Star Team), he will be incorporated into All-Star Weekend this coming weekend. The Harvard standout who scored a perfect 800 on the math portion of the SAT is a fantasy basketball must-have. And hes the delight of Harvards PR team. After all, hes a Harvard PR machine!

Project Management Business - Free Essay Example

LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction: In this chapter the literary information of this research are analysed and discussed leading to the unanswered question which this study answers through the research and data analysis. This chapter is analysed thorough a research done using numerous books and journals related to this research area. Project management (Woodward, 2007) is a key to companies adopting business improvement methodologies such as Six Sigma, which improve their efficiency and competitiveness in the market. Project management is a core competency for a company to maximize the effect of the methodologies to be used for the research. In the past Organizations have been mainly focused on the development of their products lifecycle and ensured that their project management practitioners have had the required knowledge in the form of procedures, tools and techniques. Companies have sought to improve their project management competency through structured training programs. In this chapter the project management methodologies used for developing the project in an organisation is discussed in this chapter. The process of project management methodology in a project is analysed in depth based on PRINCE2 methodology and the process of Project Management department is evaluated by investigating project management department in Infosys technologies limited. The project management team roles are investigated and their responsibility in a project is analysed by the author in this chapter. 2.2 Project Management Methodologies: Kerzner (2005) defines a methodology is a set of guidelines that can be applied to a specific situation during a project. In a project environment, these guidelines might be a list of things to do. A methodology is of a specific approach, templates, forms and even checklists used over the project life cycle.The project methodology is the work of all team members involved in the project throughout the life cycle of a project to for the project success. The project management methodologies (OGC, 2005) are: PRINCE2 PMBoK Method123 Tensteps COBIT PRINCE2 is a true framework developed and instituted in the UK under the Office of Government Commerce (OGC) a government agency; System Development Life Cycle (SDLC), the classic waterfall approach and Solutions-based Project Methodology and a simplified approach for the consultants to work for the clients. The Ten Step methodology comes to project management frameworks and appear to be only two or three that are generally applicable. The Development Methodologies, i.e. management of the technology including information technology and software development in particular are suitable to complete the project. The process includes the project management methodologies and classic building development by a way of comparison. The Office of Government Commerce (OGC) adopt the principle of making its copyright materials such as PRINCE2 widely available to use for developing the project, the only cost incurred is the purchasing of the manual. OGC has encouraged supplier organisations to provide a competitive range of tools, training and other services to support the users. With the development of PRINCE2, OGC is keen to ensure the best package of products and services that are available to the users. OGC has also established collaboration partnerships with a number of organisations specifically to provide support for PRINCE2 and the related areas of Programme Management and the Management of Risk. (OGC, 2005) PMBoK, Method123 and COBIT (Lewis, 2002) focus on the technology and focus more on a generic project management approach. The methodology to use based on the organizational requirements is of Light and Heavy methodologies, the project size and complexity will affect the type of methodology to be selected. Managing the project and managing the technology is by applying the appropriate methodology, project managers are likely to deliver the solutions based on the client requirements. The two types of methodologies are: Project management methodologies and Development methodologies. The project framework of project management methodologies consists of eight chapters as follows: (Lewis, 2002) 1. Understanding Project Methodologies 2. Project Methodologies Explained 3. Project Management Frameworks 4. Development Methodology Selection and Utilization 5. Implementing Project Methodologies 6. Supporting the Methodology 7. Project Templates and Techniques 8. Project Processes and Trends A methodology (Nicholas, 2001) of managing projects observed that projects have common characteristics that can be formalized into a structural process to manage projects more effectively. The project development process and the development methodology are the means of getting from segment to segment. The methodology provides a means for selecting the degree of project management appropriate to the project. Each phase can typically be brought to closure in some logical way before the next project phase begins and each phase results in discrete deliverables which provide the starting point for the next phase. Cost and schedule estimates: plans, requirements and specifications are evaluated at the end of each phase, sometimes before deciding whether to continue with the project. Adopting an incorrect methodology or having no project framework in an organisation might cause a: (Pinto, 2000) Schedule and cost slippages, Miscommunication within the team, Wasting time on administrative tasks that have no purpose, Reliance on technical wizardry to get projects done, and Project management burnout. The project management department get the message across senior management which briefly explains the capability maturity model (CMM) and its five levels in it as sets of strategies for improvement. The CMM levels are: Initial, Repeatable, Defined, Managed and Optimized. The project management methodologies take a leading role in a company and it needs to be good in a few areas: (Cleland and King, 1998) Project management philosophy is firmly entrenched Project management is a core competency The company is focused on making projects succeed Processes and infrastructure are in place Effective reporting is established Both project methodology and development methodologies are well documented Project staff is provided continuous training Project information is communicated continuously Projects are monitored against performance Quality and delivery excellence are built in Projects are routinely audited Different methodology proponents use different labels, perhaps to differentiate their products. In all the methodologies described while the first several items in the list are dealt with, the remainder is absent. It is almost as though the author was interrupted in mid flight and never returned to the same spot. Similarly, some methodologies are mentioned but not described and others are described but not listed in explanatory tables. (Meredith and Mantel, 2005) 2.3 PRINCE2 Project Management Methodology: CCTA (1996) defines a PRINCE2 as a management environment for the purpose of delivering one or more business products according to a specified Business Case is needed to produce a unique and predefined result at a pre-specified time using predetermined resources. A PRINCE2 project consists of the following characteristics: (Wearne, 2006) A finite and defined life cycle, Defined and measurable business products, A corresponding set of activities to achieve the business products, A defined amount of resources, An organisation structure, with defined responsibilities, and to manage the project. A PRINCE2 project is driven by its business case which describes the organisations justification, commitment and rationale for the projects outcome. The business case is regularly reviewed with the projects progress to ensure the business objectives, which may well change during the life of the project till the objectives are met. The projects are of different groups of people involved, including the customer, one or more suppliers and the user. PRINCE2 is designed to provide a common language across all the people involved in the project. Bringing customers and suppliers together generally involves contracts and contract management. The aspects of PRINCE2 recognise the need to provide projects with necessary controls and breakpoints to work successfully within a contractual framework. (Burke, 1999) PRINCE2 (Colin, 2005) is a method for managing projects and it helps to work out who should be involved and what will be their responsibilities to complete the project successfully. It gives a set of processes to work through and explains what information should be gathered along the way. PRINCE2 is a process-based approach to project management. The processes define the management activities to be carried out during the project. PRINCE2 describes the components that are applied within the appropriate processes and recommends a number of techniques to be utilised for the process. The PRINCE2 process model consists of eight distinct management processes and the activities from setting the project on the right track through controlling and managing the projects progress through to project completion. The Planning process is triggered by many of the other processes. The key to successful use of the process model is in tailoring it to suit the needs of the individual project. (Bradley, 2005) 2.3.1 Directing a Project (DP): This process is performed by the Project Board (Project Manager, Project coordinator and project officer) and describes the direction and key decision making of the project. This is the only process performed by the project board. Whenever a decision is made, the Project Board will the Business Case, Project Plan and Risk Log as the basis for that decision. (Bradley, 2005) The DP processes are managed by the project board throughout the project from start-up to project closure. The DP process has five major steps: (Baguley, 2004) Authorising the preparation of a project plan and business case for the project Approving the project go-ahead Checking that the project remains justifiable at key points in the project life cycle Monitoring progress and giving advice as required Ensuring that the project comes to a controlled close 2.3.2 Starting up a Project (SU): SU (Bradley, 2005) gives an idea about the project whether it is viable and worthwhile to process. It is classed as pre-project work and includes the activities with definition and appointment of the Project Management Team Preparation with a brief idea about the project. According to (Baguley, 2004) starting up a project is a pre-project process with five objectives: Design and appoint the project management team Ensure that the aims of the project are known Decide on the approach which will be taken within the project to provide a solution Define the customers quality expectations Plan the work needed to draw up the PRINCE2 between customer and supplier. 2.3.3 Initiating a Project (IP): This process prepares the information on whether there is sufficient justification to proceed with the project, establishes a sound management basis for the project and creates a detailed plan for as much of the project as management are in a position to authorise. (Baguley, 2004) IP is the first stage of the project. It lays the groundwork for the project and creates the Project Initiation Document (PID). The information contained within the PID expands on that contained within the project brief and will define in detail the project that will be delivered including standards which will met or maintained the Business Case and Project Plan. The following activities are all carried out during IP prior to assembling the PID. Refining the Outline Business Case and risks with information gathered or forecast during the creation of the Project Plan Identifying and agreeing an appropriate level of control for the project and defining the project communication plan creation of the project files, the Issue Log and Lessons Learned Log. If the project is managed in stages, the next Stage Plan will be created when assembling the PID. (Bradley, 2005) 2.3.4 Controlling a Stage (CS): CS covers the day-to-day management of the project and it is where the Project Manager does their job. This involves: Handing out work to the teams, Monitoring that the work is progressing within tolerance and to the correct level of quality, Creation of Highlight Reports to send to the Project Board at a frequency agreed when the controls were set during IP, Risk management, Logging and analysing the impact of issues, and Resolving any problems or deviations within tolerance. (Bradley, 2005) 2.3.5 Managing Stage Boundaries (SB): In order (Bradley, 2005) to maintain control over the project: larger, complex or more risky projects should be divided into stages. Each planned stage is approved by the Project Board before it is delivered. The Project Manager will: Create the next Stage Plan Update the Project Plan, Business Case, and Risk Log And any other information as appropriate Prepare an End Stage Report for presentation to the Project Board Seek authorisation from the Project Board to deliver the next Stage Plan 2.3.6 Managing Product Delivery (MP): MP (Bradley, 2005) covers the work of the Team Manager and a role dedicated to work with the specialist teams ensuring that their work is completed within any constraints defined within the Work package agreement. In simple terms, MP covers: Accepting the work from the Project Manager, Creating a Team Plan if appropriate, Getting the work done, Reporting Checkpoints at an agreed frequency, Carrying out any necessary quality checks, Escalate the issues which has the work package tolerances, and Returning the completed work back to the Project Manager. 2.3.7 Planning (PL): PL (Bradley, 2005) is triggered whenever the Project Manager or Team Manager appropriate and creates a plan. The process describes the production of a plan including: The initial identification of the required plan format Identifying and describing the products that must be created together with any additional activities dependencies Estimation and the scheduling of events Creation of the plan narrative. 2.3.8 Closing a Project (CP): CP (Bradley, 2005) ensures that everything has been delivered to the customers satisfaction and ties-up any lose ends. It also ensures that the products produced are handed over to those responsible for their on going and future operation. All of the closure activities are subject to the Project Board confirmation that they are happy for the project to finish. Once the project closure has been completed the following information will have been created: End Project Report; Including the Post Project Review Plan; Follow-on Actions Recommendations and for each open Issue. For those currently open risks which may impact has been delivered during its operational use with lessons learned report; both positive and negative lessons and Project file archive. The Post Project Review Plan will identify appropriate times for measures of benefit achievement. 2.4 PRINCE2 in an Organisation: PRINCE2 (OGC, 2005) provides benefits to the managers and directors of a project and to an organisation through the controllable use of resources and the ability to manage business and project risk more effectively. PRINCE2 proven best practice in project management and it is widely recognised to provide a common language for all participants in a project in an organisation. PRINCE2 (Scott, 2002) encourages formal recognition of responsibilities within a project and focuses on what a project to deliver. PRINCE2 provides projects with a controlled and organised start, middle and end; Regular reviews of progress against plan and against the Business Case flexible decision point and management control of any deviations from the plan. The existence of a viable Business Case is confirmed at the start of the project, and verified throughout the project to form the basis of every decision made by the Project Board. The Business Case is a statement of reasons for doing the project and the benefits of carrying out the project balanced against a summary of the cost, timescales and risk involved in achieving the benefits (Turner, 2004). If the Business Case is no longer considered viable then the Project Manager will ask to close the project. The involvement of management and stakeholders at the right time and place during the process of a project plays an important role for the success of a project. Managers using PRINCE2 are able to establish terms of reference as a pre-requisite to the start of a project. A defined structure for delegation, authority and communication; divide the project into manageable stages for more accurate planning; ensure resource commitment from management is part of any approval to proceed; provide regular but brief management reports and keep meetings with management and stakeholders to a minimum but at the vital points in the project. Those who will be directly involved with using the results of a project are able to participate in all the decision-making on a project; involved in day-to-day progress and provide quality checks throughout the project and ensure their requirements are being adequately satisfied. (Kerzner, 2003) PRINCE2 suggests the projects that should be broken down into stages and the sub-processes dictate how each individual stage should be controlled. It includes the way in which the process is authorized and received. It also specifies the way in which progress should be monitored and how the highlights of the progress should be reported to the project board. A means for capturing and assessing project issues is suggested together with the way in which corrective action should be taken. This covers the things that should be done at the end of a project. Project is formally de-commissioned and follow on actions are identified in the project itself be formally evaluated. (Kerzner, 2003) A good project management (Maylor, 2005) method guides the project through a controlled, well-managed, visible set of activities to achieve the desired results. PRINCE2 provides the projects with: A controlled and organised start, middle and end Regular reviews of progress against plans and against the Business Case Flexible decision points Automatic management control of any deviations from the plan The involvement of management and stakeholders at the right time during the project Good communication channels between the project management team and the rest of the organisation Agreement on the required quality at the outset and continuous monitoring against those requirements. PRINCE2 (CCTA, 1996) is designed to be used on all type of projects in any environment. It contains a complete set of concepts and project management processes that are the minimum requirements for a properly run and managed project. The way in which it is applied to each project will vary considerably and tailoring the method to suit the circumstances of a particular project is critical to its successful use. PRINCE2 projects are always focused on delivering pre-defined products to meet a specified Business Case. It enables the project to capture and retain a definition of the business benefits that are the driving force behind the project itself. The customer and supplier environment assumes that there will be a customer who will specify requirement and pay for the project. A supplier will provide resources and skills to create that product successfully. The customer and supplier normally come from separately managed areas. Stakeholders have an interest and will be impacted by the project with its outcomes. The stakeholders include: (Healey, 2003) Customers, who have commissioned the work and will benefit from the end results on the Project Board by Project Executive, User(s) will be impacted by the outcome as they will use or operate the final product and represent on the Project, Board the Senior User(s), the customer and user may be the same group of people, Suppliers provide specialist resource or skills to the project with goods and services represented on the Project Board by the Senior Suppliers, Suppliers appoint Sub-contractors to provide products or services to them. PRINCE2 (CCTA, 1996) offers a series of plan levels that can be tailored to the size and complexity of a project. Each level of plan consist of the needs and recommend planning technique based planning, but the planning process includes the identification of activities and their dependencies. PRINCE2 facilitate the principle of management by exception and provide each level of management with information allowing them to assess progress to make appropriate decisions based on accurate information. 2.5 Project management methodologies risk management process: PRINCE2 (Bradley, 2005) defines risk management in two phases, risk analysis and risk management. Risk analysis covers the identification and evaluation of risk through the identification and selection of appropriate responses for the process. Risk management is of planning and the selected actions for monitoring and reporting on their status. Quality within PRINCE2 begins by establishing the Customers Quality Expectations and agreeing associated Acceptance. These will be detailed within a Project Quality Plan together with any external standards which will need to be met. It will also detail the change control processes and will contain the Configuration Management Plan. The Project Quality (Shtub and Bard, 2003)Plan defines how the project will achieve the required quality. Configuration Management defines how the assets of the project are identified, protected and controlled. It also identifies how it links with other PRINCE2 components and techniques to describe the role. The Configuration Management plan is identified within the Project Quality Plan. PRINCE2 emphasises the need for the controlled management of change and this is enforced with a change control technique plus the identification of the processes and responsibilities for change control. Change is inevitable and often beneficial to uncontrolled change causes project failure. Controlling change ensures that all changes are documented and analysed. Changes will be authorised only when their impact is fully understood and deemed to be beneficial or acceptable to the project. PRINCE2 is a generic project management (Baguley, 2004) method and recognised for using different techniques. Product Based Planning describes a framework, which can be applied to any type of project. PRINCE2recognises that most organisations will have their own defined change control processes to recommend an approach that treats each change request during the project development. The change control technique identifies the process and responsibilities for handling a change requests from its initial entry onto the Issue Log through its analysis and implementation. Bradley (2005) defines a number of activities which must be carried out in order for the project to be defined, developed and closed. PRINCE2 consists number of components which contain further detail on specific project management issues. Various components covered by PRINCE2 are: Business Case; Organisation; Plans; Controls; Management of Risk; Quality in a Project Environment; Configuration Management; Change Control. Project management (Kliem, et al., 2002) maturity models are designed around the companys own environment, structure and needs in to four levels of maturity: 1. The first level usually reflects an informal and individualistic approach to project management with poor project definition and co-ordination, 2. The next level reflects a more functional application with some project co-ordination and where project management is mainly viewed as a tool or technique, 3. The third level addresses project management as being practiced with some degree of excellence either in a transitional or matures state, 4. The final level addresses portfolio management and may not be applicable to all types of industry depending on their project types and numbers. The project management (Churchhouse, 1999) maturity models are effective in an organization and this ownership is shared across the executive management. Implementation and deployment will generally be responsibility of a dedicated team assigned, preferably to a central department or group within the organization who work as a team and provide strong sponsorship, guidance and commonality across the organization. This management team is supported by a network of project management practitioners within the organization. Structured methodology and documentation use across all levels of the organization, incorporating the companys cultural and operational characteristics aligned with the companys quality system, complies with industry and professional standards; and is effectively applied in operational use. Project management tools, whether technical or non-technical, enterprise wide need to meet the needs of the project management community with defined methodology. (Thayer, 2000) The project management (Harrison, 2002) needs are defined, measured, understood and developed to a visible career structure that has formal recognition, status and reward. Organizations from time-to-time need some direct intervention, whether its mentoring executive and senior management, coaching project and line managers, assisting project team members carry out their roles, assessing and bringing back on-track in-trouble projects, recruiting project managers for permanent or temporary assignments, creating a project management office (PMO), measuring workforce performance, or improving the visibility of project management within the organization. Management development of all the management layers is critical to success, whether an executive briefing, senior program or line management course needs to fully understand their roles and responsibility in supporting the environment, coaching behaviours and mentoring individuals. Managers are to be aware of the development and investment of the procedures, tools, training and competency with the investment manifests itself into the behaviours of the workforce across the whole width of the company. (Earl, et al., 1995) 2.6 Project Management department process: Measuring the behaviours in the upper management levels provides a clear demonstrable metric to the improvement of project management within Infosys Technologies Limited. The behaviours are categorized into the five areas that constitute a project manager leaders role: (Raz, et al., 2003) 1. Planning. 2. Organizing and staffing. 3. Directing and leading. 4. Controlling. 5. Reporting. The improvement is measured in two ways (Gray and Larson, 2002), firstly a percentage improvement between before and after scoring and secondly the percentage increase. PRINCE2 is documented to get the maximum benefit for an organisation and it accredits training organisations and registered consultants able to work to tailor and focus PRINCE2 on requirements. Each PRINCE2 project consists of a Project Board made up of the customer, someone who can represent the user side and someone to represent the supplier. In PRINCE2 these people are called Customer, Senior User and Senior Supplier respectively. The Project Manager reports regularly to the Project Board, keeping them informed of progress and highlighting. The Project Board is responsible for providing the Project Manager with the necessary decisions for the project to proceed and to overcome any problems. On some projects (Kerzner, 2003) the assurance is done by a separate team of people called the Project Assurance Team, but the assurance job can be done by the individual members of the Project Board themselves. On most projects there is a lot of administrative work needed, keeping everyone informed, arranging meetings, keeping plans up-to-date, chasing things up and keeping files. Project Managers often do all the work themselves, particularly on smaller projects. But if there are a number of projects going on at the same time, a Project Support Office can be setup to help the Project Managers in the process. One of the simplest yet most effective things upper management can do is to set out the companys policy for project management. This establishes the vision for how the company wants to best utilize project management concepts and gives a clear downwards communication. A useful starting point for considering the need to model project management performance is making the distinction between project performance and PM performance. These two are interlinked, but different and it is important not to confuse the two. PM performance might focus on delivering a project within budget, yet if the overriding success criterion or key performance indicator (KPI) for the project is delivering future benefit to the organisation. (Courtney and Hugh, 2001) The impact of success criteria on a number of Information Technologies (IT) projects the customer and other stakeholders, such as users, will define what they mean by quality. This focus on meeting customer and other stakeholder requirements corresponds with definitions of quality in the quality management literature and makes a link between quality, project performance and PM performance. The customers definition of what is quality in a project environment will be based upon attributes linked to the quality of the management process as well as attributes linked to the quality of the end product delivered by the project. (Jan Van Bon, 2006) The developing models of project (Woodward, 2007) performance can be provided in two ways. First, models that help organisations provide effective PM performance can lead to beneficial outcomes regardless of the success or otherwise of the project being managed. Second, as elements of PM performance may influence overall satisfaction at the outcome of a project, which is the overriding measure of project success, modelling PM performance may contribute to the successful delivery of desired project outcomes. Modelling PM performance has been limited by the traditional, simplistic formula used to define project success. With such a narrow definition of project success, models of PM performance would exclusively focus on activities to ensure a project is managed to time, budget and specification. Developments in the PM discipline suggest that new models of PM performance need to reflect the multi-dimensional, multiple-stakeholder and quality of process as well as product for success. There is also a practical necessity for developing models of PM performance. Whereas the literature on project success reflects a shift, there has been no corresponding development of models of PM performance. As well as the effort required to develop new theory, part of the problem might be the practical difficulties of assessing PM performance using measures other than meeting budget, schedule and technical specification targets. Using quality management concepts to develop models of PM performance the potential synergies between the disciplines of PM and quality management (QM) has been on the role of PM in the successful implementation of total quality management (TQM) programmes. (Leach, 1999) 2.7 Quality Management in Project Management: The quality management contributes to understand the ways to improve PM performance in an organisation. In addition to the contribution of the QM concept of meeting customer and stakeholder requirements to our understanding of the key dimensions of project success, this contribution has been examined. TQMs creation of a culture of continuous improvement lead to situations in which organisations constantly look to learn from past project performance and improve future performance and the importance of creating an environment, incorporating an open finding of a survey of the influence of organizational learning practices amongst project managers. The project framework in place cause: Schedule and cost slippages, Miscommunication within the team, wasting time on administrative tasks that have no purpose, technical wizardry to get projects done and Project management burnout. (Thayer, 2000) The recognition (Cooke-Davies, 2002) of appropriateness drawing from QM informs some of the epistemological-oriented work in developing PM-related models. Part of that work has been to use modified QM models to develop theories linking project and PM performance with different levels of PM maturity. In this area the literature reports situations in which models charting organisational evolution in terms of QM maturity and models self-assessing an organisations status, have been modified to a PM context. The influence of software process maturity levels model is seen in the development of Project management performance maturity models and was used to develop the project quality index (PQI), a model for self-assessing PM performance in environmental, pharmaceutical and engineering industries. However, although the PQI is tested in organisational contexts, its focus is on project performance and the models focus on PM performance are presented as theoretical propositions. The PM perform ance assessment (PMPA) model in developing a model of PM performance it is necessary to have a suitable framework. This will provide a complete, cohesive and unifying view of the elements that make up PM performance. A QM model commonly used as a framework for evaluating an organisations progress is the EFQM business excellence model. The suitable framework (Amram, et al., 1999) would have received much greater attention and especially considering that the design of project life span is the single most important differentiator between projects and non-projects. It stresses that it is very important to get the selection right for the given organization and the particular project circumstances. The methodology for managing the project would design of the project life span is not the same thing as a methodology for managing the technology though obviously the two must be closely integrated. This ensures not only meeting the project goals on time and on budget but also the technical goals of scope, quality and customer satisfaction as well. Project Management Roles: The Project is started with the designing and individuals job is assigned to suit the projects circumstances and the role description becomes that persons job description for the project. PRINCE2 describes the basic Project Management Team and defines the team roles together with the responsibilities with each of the described roles. The Key roles are: Project Executive Ultimate responsibility for the project and makes all of the key decisions, Senior User Represent who will be most by the outcome will have a particular interest in the definition of quality expectations, Senior Supplier Represent who will be procuring, installing, creating, modifying or supporting the project, Project Manager Managing the day to day project on behalf of the Project Board Team Manager Produce products to stated quality criteria, within time and cost constraints agreed within the work package, Project Support Providing an appropriate level of support to the project. (Lewis, 2002) 2.7.1 Project Executive: The project board is appointed by corporate management to provide overall direction and management of the project. The project board is accountable for the success of the project within the limits set by programme management. The project board approves all major plans and authorises any major deviation from agreed stage plans. It is the authority that signs off the completion of each stage as well as authorises the start of the next stage. It ensures that required resources are committed and arbitrates on any conflicts within the project or negotiates a solution to any problems between the project and external bodies. It approves the appointment and responsibility of the project manager and any delegation of its project assurance responsibilities. The project board has the following responsibility. It is a general list and will need tailoring for a specific project. The project board is ultimately responsible for the assurance of the project, that it remains on course to deliver the desired outcome of the required quality to meet the business case defined in the project contract. According to the size, complexity and risk of the project, the project board may decide to delegate some of these project assurance responsibilities. The executive is ultimately responsible for the project, supported by the senior user and senior supplier. The executive has to ensure that the project is value for money, ensuring a cost-conscious approach to the project, balancing the demands of business, user and supplier. The executive is responsible for overall business assurance of the project which remains on target to deliver products will complete within its agreed tolerances for budget and schedule. Business assurance covers: Validation and monitoring of the business case against external events and against project progress; keeping the project in line with customer strategies; monitoring project finance of behalf of the customer; monitoring the business risks to ensure that these are kept under control; monitoring the business risks to ensure that these are kept under control; monitoring any supplier and contractor payments; monitoring changes to the project plan to see if there is any impact on the needs of the business or the project business case; assessing the impact of potential changes on the business case and project plan. 2.7.2 Senior User: The senior user is responsible for the specifications of the needs of all those who will use the final products, user liaison with the project team and for monitoring that the solution will meet those needs within the constraints of the business case. The role represents the interests of all those who will use the final products of the project, those for whom the product to deliver benefits. The senior user role commits user resources and monitors products against requirements. The specific responsibility is to ensure the desired outcome of the project is specified; make sure that progress towards the outcome required by the users remains consistent from the user perspective; promote and maintain focus on the desired project outcome; ensure that any user resources required for the project are made available; resolve user requirements and priority conflicts; provide the user view on recommended follow-up actions; brief and advise user management on all matters concerning the project. 2.7.3 Senior Supplier: Represent the interests of those designing, developing, facilitating, procuring, implementing, operating and maintaining the project products. The senior supplier role must have the authority to commit or acquire supplier resources required. The specific responsibilities are: Agree objectives for specialist activities; make sure that progress towards the outcome remains consistent from the supplier perspective; promote and maintain focus on the desired project outcome from the point of view of supplier management; ensure that the supplier resources required for the project are made available; approve product descriptions for specialist products and contribute supplier opinions to project board decisions on whether to implement recommendations on proposed changes. 2.7.4 Project Manager: The project manager has the authority to run the project on a day to day basis on behalf of the project board within the constraints laid down by the board. In a customer environment the project manager will normally come from the customer organisation. The project manager responsibility is to ensure that the project produces the required products, to the required standard of quality and within the specified constraints of time and cost. The project manager is also responsible for the project producing a result that is capable of achieving the benefits defined in the business case. While managing the projects the Project Manager manage the team managers within an integrated project team. A company adopts management methodology which has a real advantage for the project chosen. 2.7.5 Team Manager: The team managers prime responsibility is to ensure production of those products defined by the project manger to an appropriate quality, in a timescale and at a cost acceptable to the project board. The team manager reports to and takes direction from the project manger. Team manager manages ones direct reports individually and report to the project manager. The specific goals is to prepare plans for the teams work and agree these with the project manager; receive authorisation from the project manger to create products; manage the team; identify and advise the project manager of any risks associated with a work package; ensure that such risks are entered on the risk log; manage specific risks as directed by the project manger; ensure the evaluation of project issues that arise within the teams work and recommend action to the project manager; attend any stage assessments as directed by the project manager; arrange and lead team checkpoints and ensure that quality controls of the te ams work are planned and preformed correctly. 2.7.6 Project Assurance: Project assurance covers all interests of a project, including all business, user and supplier. The implementation of the project assurance responsibility include: maintenance of thorough liaison throughout the project between the supplier and the customer; customer needs and expectations are being managed; fit with the overall programme strategy; focus on the business need is maintained; internal and external communications are working. 2.7.7 Project Support: The project support is in the form of advice on project management tools and administrative services for filling and collection of actual data to one or more related projects. Project support can act as a repository for lessons learned and central source of expertise in specialist support tools. The main task is to administer change control, set up and maintain project files, establish document control procedures, collect actual data and forecasts, administer the quality review process and assist with the compilation of reports. 2.8 Summary: In this chapter the research objectives are briefly discussed. The Project Management process in successful implementation of project management process is studied by referring various books and journals. The investigation about the project management process based on PRINCE2 has been analysed successfully with various resources. Different roles involved in the process of project methodologies are identified and was described briefly in this chapter. In the next chapter various research methodologies are briefly described with the methods used in this research.

The Importance Of Literature - 1246 Words

Since the mid 20th century literature has been a prominent aspect of life in American culture, beginning how to read it in our childhood to benefiting by it throughout adulthood. Throughout the texts of â€Å"Heels over Hemingway†, â€Å"Why Literature Matters† , and â€Å"Good-bad books† all similarly argue the idea that Literature has changed over the years, due to the fact that American has changed as well effecting literature. For this reason Dowd, Orwell, and Gioia assert to their audience the importance of literature, and that it should have a place in society by utilizing rhetorical strategies such as analogy, ethos, pathos, logos, and diction. Generally speaking both Dowd and Gioia argue why literature is important as it intellectually effects†¦show more content†¦Dowd begins her op-editorial full of emotionally loaded diction to create a very critically- aggressive image; Dowd notes when looking for a book in the bookstore and quickly noticing the increased amount of chick-lit as it had â€Å"staged a coup of the literature shelves† and that a new re-feminized cover of a best seller â€Å"might as well be driving a stake through the heart of the classics.† The literary images she evokes of the recurring chick-lit novels read by women seen as â€Å"literary hell† due to the â€Å"non-challenging material†, which implies to the audience the idea of women being critiqued in society due to book preference. Adding to this idea she utilizes words and phrase such as â€Å"possessed†, â€Å"devil† , â€Å"Will Shakespeare is being buffeted by damaging by 30 year old heroines.â⠂¬  All these words evoke negative emotions of women, which emphasizes how women are judged as â€Å"superficial† and â€Å"non-intellectual† by society. In addition both Orwell and Gioia use pathos to convey the idea that reading any type of literature is beneficial to society. Orwell begins by slightly degrading the non stop production of â€Å"good-bad books† in this generation to the sophisticated novels produced in the past. He implies that these â€Å"escapist† literature from â€Å"pleasant patches in ones memory† by creating â€Å"quiet corners where the mind can browse at odd moments.† The image Orwell is able to evoke among readers suggestShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Literature In Literature937 Words   |  4 PagesGiving children access to all varieties of literature is extremely important for their success. 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